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The paleoenvironment and the evolution of brines in the Jordan-Dead Sea transform and in adjoining areas

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Abstract

One of the most important processes leading to the deterioration of groundwater in Israel is the migration of brines penetrating into fresh groundwater bodies. Such manifestations occur at an ever increasing frequency and in unexpected locations. The hydrochemistry of these processes reveals the possibility of involvement of several types of brines. The distribution and the hydrostratigraphic sequence of the brines is correlated with the evolution of paleoenvironments during the geological history of the region. Several major phases of brine and evaporite formation are discerned: The earliest phase occurred in the Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic (Yam Suf–Ramon–Lower Arad Groups) during which brines were generated by dissolution of evaporites. The second major phase in the evolution of brines occurred during the Mio-Pliocene. In the western areas of the country, the brines were generated mainly by the post-Messinian ingression of seawater which dissolved evaporites and reacted with the invaded rock sequence. In the Rift and in adjoining areas, the dominant brine was the final product of the evaporation of an inland marine lagoon (the Sdom Sea) which penetrated into an environment prevalently built of previously formed rocks and, particularly of clastic beds filling at that time, the nascent rift. From this evaporating lagoon precipitated evaporates, the dissolution of which produced brines. A further step in the hydrochemical evolution in the Rift was the creation of the Lisan Lake, which became progressively saline, probably as the result of dissolution and flushing of salts derived from the previous hypersaline Sdom Sea. The contemporary phase in the Rift is characterized by an ongoing process of flushing-out of residual brines and dissolution of evaporites by currently recharged fresh water. Throughout the geological history of the area, four major periods of flushing stand out. These occurred between the Triassic and the Jurassic, at the end of the Jurassic, as the result of the Oligocene uplift and as part of the Messinian event. As the result of these processes, the rock-sequences were flushed off previously formed brines and evaporites and were “made ready” for following generations of liquids.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to our friends and colleagues Professor A. Horowitz of the Tel Aviv University, Professor A. Nissenbaum of the Weitzmann Institute of Science, Rehovot and to Dr. M. Zilberbrand of the Hydrological Service, Jerusalem, for the most enlightening discussions and advice. We are also indebted to Dr. Y. Greitzer, to R. Roded and to Dr. F. Hirsch of the Geological Survey of Israel who provided us with important data which contributed to further this study.

The authors wish to express their thanks and appreciation to the two reviewers of this paper, Drs. Merkel and Tobschall. Their remarks and suggestions significantly improved the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eliyahu Rosenthal & Akiva Flexer

  2. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Peter Möller

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  1. Eliyahu Rosenthal
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  2. Akiva Flexer
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  3. Peter Möller
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Correspondence to Eliyahu Rosenthal.

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Rosenthal, E., Flexer, A. & Möller, P. The paleoenvironment and the evolution of brines in the Jordan-Dead Sea transform and in adjoining areas. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 95, 725–740 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0057-3

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