Abstract
Introduction
Cancer care can be described as a system or complex network of interventions delivered at various times and places with different intentions.
Cancer care as a system
Cancer care can include medical treatments, psychosocial care, complementary and alternative medicine, self-care, as well as the process of healing and the context in which care is delivered.
Evaluating cancer care
Whereas evaluating individual cancer treatments can be difficult, evaluating cancer care is even more challenging and requires a research framework that relies on methodologies capable of addressing its holistic, individualized, and complex nature.
In summary
We suggest that research frameworks focused on studying complex or whole systems are a promising evaluation approach and an opportunity for further exploration.
References
Andersen B (1992) Psychological interventions for cancer patients to enhance the quality of life. J Consult Clin Psychol 60:552–568
Bell IR, Caspi O, Schwartz GER, Grant K, Gaudet T, Rychener D, Maizes V, Weil A (2002) Integrative medicine and systemic outcomes research. Arch Intern Med 162:133–140
Chan JJ, Chan JE (2000) Medicine for the millennium: the challenge of postmodernism. Med J Aust 172:332–334
Di Blasi Z, Harkness E, Ernst E, Georgiou A, Kleijnen J (2001) Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 357:757–762
Fawzy I, Fawzy N, Arndt LA, Pasnau RO (1995) Critical review of psychosocial interventions in cancer care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:100–113
Goldfried MR, Eubanks-Carter C (2004) On the need for a new psychotherapy research paradigm: comment on Westen, Novotny, and Thomspon-Brenner (2004). Psychol Bull 130:669–673
Institute of Medicine (2005) Need for innovative designs in research on CAM and conventional medicine. In: Complementary and alternative medicine in the United States. Committee on the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public. The National Academies Press, Washington, pp 108–128
Lipscomb J, Gotay C, Snyder C (2005) Introduction to outcomes assessment in cancer. In: Outcomes assessment in cancer: measures, methods, and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p 3
Meyer TJ, Mark MM (1995) Effects of psychosocial interventions with adult cancer patients: a meta-analysis of randomized experiments. Health Psychol 14:101–108
Ritenbaugh C (2006) Guiding concepts for whole systems research. In: Whole systems research in cancer care—report of meeting in Tromso (Sommaroy), 14–16 September 2005. Complement Ther Med 14:157–164
Ritenbaugh C, Verhoef M, Fleishman S, Boon H, Leis A (2003) Whole systems research: a discipline for studying complementary and alternative medicine. Altern Ther Health Med 9:32–36
Shapiro SL (2001) Quality of life and breast cancer: relationship to psychosocial variables. J Clin Psychol 57:501–519
Sidani S, Epstein DR, Moritz P (2003) An alternative paradigm for clinical nursing research: an exemplar. Res Nurs Health 26:244–255
Temoshok LR (2004) Rethinking research on psychosocial interventions in biopsychosocial oncology: an essay written in honor of the scholarly contributions of Bernard H. Fox. Psychooncology 13:460–467
Thomas K, Fitter M (2002) Possible research strategies for evaluating CAM interventions. In: Lewith G, Jonas WB, Walach H (eds) Clinical research in complementary therapies. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 59–91
Verhoef MJ, Lewith G, Ritenbaugh C, Boon H, Fleishman S, Leis A (2005) Complementary and alternative medicine whole systems research: beyond identification of inadequacies of the RCT. Complement Ther Med 13:206–212
Verhoef MJ, Vanderheyden LC, Fonnebo V (2006) A whole systems research approach to cancer care: Why do we need it and how do we get started? Integr Cancer Ther 5:287–292
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Verhoef, M., Weeks, L., Brazier, A. et al. Evaluating supportive cancer care: are we missing an opportunity?. Support Care Cancer 15, 905–907 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-007-0289-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-007-0289-9