Skip to main content
Log in

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in the treatment of dementia: a pharmacoeconomic analysis of the Austrian setting

Ginkgo-biloba-Extrakt EGb 761® in der Behandlung der Demenz: eine pharmakoökonomische Analyse bezogen auf Österreich

  • original article
  • Published:
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Objective

We used efficacy data from three clinical trials to investigate the pharmacoeconomic implications of treating noninstitutionalized Austrian dementia patients with a drug based on EGb 761®, a standardized extract from Gingkgo biloba. In a separate analysis, we compared the pharmacoeconomic aspects of achieving treatment success with EGb 761® and cholinesterase inhibitors.

Methods

A fixed-effect model was used to conduct a metaanalysis of activities of daily living data from 1,201 patients diagnosed with dementia and treated with either EGb 761® (240 mg/day) or matched placebo for 22 or 24 weeks under double-blind conditions. From this analysis, the delay in activities of daily living (ADL)-based disease progression was estimated. Current Austrian drug reimbursement prices, physician fees, and federal subsidies for seven stages of home care were applied to calculate overall costs in four scenarios. For the comparison with cholinesterase inhibitors, metaanalysis data pertaining to overall clinical impression as published by the Cochrane Group were compared to corresponding data from our EGb 761® studies.

Results and discussion

The benefit of treatment with EGb 761® (240 mg/day) corresponds to a delay in ADL deterioration by 22.3 months compared to placebo. Overall net savings with EGb 761® treatment ranged from EUR 3,692 to EUR 29,577, mainly driven by delays in progression towards higher home care subsidies. For one additional therapy success with EGb 761®, EUR 530.88 was required. In a tentative cost comparison, cholinesterase inhibitors required higher expenses to achieve treatment success.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel

Anhand von Daten aus drei klinischen Studien untersuchten wir die pharmakoökonomischen Auswirkungen der Behandlung nicht-institutionalisierter Demenzpatienten in Österreich mit einem Medikament, das den standardisierten Ginkgo-Extrakt EGb 761® enthält. In einer separaten Analyse verglichen wir die für die Erzielung eines Behandlungserfolges mit EGb 761® bzw. Cholinesterasehemmern entstehenden Kosten.

Methoden

Unter Verwendung eines Modells mit festen Effekten wurde eine Metaanalyse von Daten zu Alltagsaktivitäten von 1201 Patienten mit Demenz durchgeführt, die für 22 bzw. 24 Wochen doppelblind entweder EGb 761® (240 mg/Tag) oder Placebo erhielten. Hieraus wurde die Verzögerung der Progression von Einbußen in den Alltagsaktivitäten geschätzt. Anhand der aktuellen österreichischen Erstattungsbeträge für Arzneimittel, Arzthonorare und Leistungen der Pflegeversicherung für sieben Pflegestufen wurden die Gesamtkosten für vier Szenarien berechnet. Für den Vergleich mit Cholinesterasehemmern wurden Daten aus Cochrane-Metaanalysen zum klinischen Globalurteil herangezogen und mit entsprechenden Daten aus den EGb 761®-Studien verglichen.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Der Nutzen einer Behandlung mit EGb 761® (240 mg/Tag) entspricht einer Verzögerung der Progression von Einbußen in den Alltagsaktivitäten um 22,3 Monate gegenüber Placebogabe. Die Nettoeinsparungen bei Behandlung mit EGb 761® reichten von EUR 3692 bis EUR 29.577 und kamen vorwiegend durch späteren Eintritt in höhere Pflegestufen zustande. Ein zusätzlicher Therapieerfolg mit EGb 761® kostete EUR 530,88. In einem behelfsweisen Vergleich verursachte die Behandlung mit einem Cholinesterasehemmer höhere Kosten je Behandlungserfolg.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;34(4):352–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hörr R, Kieser M. Pharmaco-economic evaluation of Ginkgo special extract EGb 761® for dementias in Austria. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(15–16):427–31 (in German).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Haan J, Hörr R. Delay in progression of dependency and need of care of dementia patients treated with Ginkgo special extract EGb 761®. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2004;154(21–22):511–4 (in German).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Napryeyenko O, Borzenko I, GINDEM-NP Study Group. Ginkgo biloba special extract in dementia with neuropsychiatric features. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(1):4–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ihl R, Bachinskaya N, Korczyn AD, Vakhapova V, et al. on behalf of the GOTADAY Study Group. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(11):1186–94.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Herrschaft H, Nacu A, Likhachev S, Sholomov I, Hoerr R, Schlaefke S. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of a daily dose of 240 mg. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(3):713–23.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). Ginkgo in Alzheimer’s disease. Executive summary. IQWiG reports—Commission no. A05-19B. Version 1.0; Status: 29.09.2008.

  8. Bracco L, Gallato R, Grigoletto F, et al. Factors affecting course and survival in Alzheimer’s disease. A 9-year longitudinal study. Arch Neurol. 1994;51(12):1213–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Heyman A, Peterson B, Fillenbaum G, Pieper C. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD). Part XIV: Demographic and clinical predictors of survival in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1996;46(3):656–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Statistik Austria. Gesundheitsbefragung 2006/07. Compiled July 18, 2008. http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/ambulante_versorgung_200607_022268.pdf. WebCite Archive URL: http://www.webcitation.org/66Niy7Nu2. Accessed 18 Dec 2012.

  11. Versicherungsanstalt für Eisenbahnen und Bergbau. Information über das Bundespflegegeld (Stand: 1. Jänner 2012). https://www.sozialversicherung.at/mediaDB/633780_Infoblatt%20Bundespflegegeld%20%20Stand%201.1.2010.pdf%20-%20Adobe%20Acrobat%20Professional.pdf. WebCite Archive URL: http://www.webcitation.org/66NiPxD1l. Accessed 18 Dec 2012.

  12. Mega MS, Masterman DM, O’Connor SM, et al. The spectrum of behavioral responses to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(11):1388–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schneider LS, Olin JT, Doody RS, et al. Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11(Suppl. 2):S22–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;1:CD005593. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005593.

  15. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH, on behalf of the Cochrane Applicability and Recommendations Methods Group. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. Section 12.5.4.3. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, version 5.1.0, updated March 2011. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011. www.cochrane-handbook.org/. Accessed 1 Aug 2011.

  16. Cates CJ. Simpson’s paradox and calculation of number needed to treat from metaanalysis. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2002;2:1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Österreichischer Apotheker-Verlag Warenverzeichnis I des Österreichischen Apotheker-Verlages. Wien: Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Mai 2012. http://warenverzeichnis.apoverlag.at.Accessed 31 May 2012.

  18. Scripnikov A, Khomenko A, Napryeyenko O, GINDEM-NP Study Group. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: findings from a randomised controlled trial. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(13–14):295–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bachinskaya N, Hoerr R, Ihl R. Alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761®. Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:209–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nacu A, Hörr R, Herrschaft H. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia and related caregiver distress: effect of treatment by a once-daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761®. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2011;7(4 Suppl. 1):S785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gilley DW, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, et al. Influence of behavioral symptoms on rates of institutionalization for persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Psychol Med. 2004;34(6):1129–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. de Vugt ME, Stevens F, Aalten P, et al. A prospective study of the effects of behavioral symptoms on the institutionalization of patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2005;17(4):577–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guideline on medicinal products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Doc. Ref. CPMP/EWP/553/95 Rev. 1. London, 24 July 2008. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003562.pdf. Accessed 18 Dec 2012.

Download references

Conflict of interest

Hermann Mucke has received consulting fees from a manufacturer of Ginkgo extracts and from a commercial provider of galantamine, and is a shareholder of a company that markets rivastigmine-based drugs. Michael Rainer has no conflict of interest related to the reported work. Sandra Schlaefke is an employee of Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG receiving a fixed salary.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Rainer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rainer, M., Mucke, H. & Schlaefke, S. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in the treatment of dementia: a pharmacoeconomic analysis of the Austrian setting. Wien Klin Wochenschr 125, 8–15 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-012-0307-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-012-0307-x

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation