Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Büchse der Pandora: Krankheitserreger in Ixodes ricinus-Zecken in Mitteleuropa

Pandora's Box: pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Central Europe

  • Übersicht
  • Published:
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Among the various species of hard ticks, Ixodes ricinus is the most frequently found tick throughout Europe. As with other ixodid ticks, the developmental cycle runs through three stages. In each stage a blood meal is required in order to develop to the next stage. Ixodes ricinus has been found to feed on more than 300 different vertebrate species. Usually, larval ticks feed on small mammals such as mice and become infected with various microorganisms and viruses, of which some are substantial pathogens to humans. The pathogens remain in the tick during molting and are thus transstadially transmitted to the next developmental stage. Pathogens transmitted to humans are the agents of Lyme borreliosis, the tick-borne encephalitis virus, Rickettsia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, occasionally Francisella tularensis, and protozoal Babesia species. Within the scope of an EU project Ixodes ricinus ticks from all federal states of Austria were searched by means of PCR methods for bacterial pathogens such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp., Francisella tularensis, Rickettsia spp., and protozoal Babesia. Additionally, the prevalence of Bartonella spp. in this tick species was also determined. Besides the singular detection of Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis in one tick collection site the overall prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, borreliae, rickettsae and babesiae in Ixodes ricinus amounted to 15%, 14%, 6% and surprising 36% and 51%, respectively. Bartonellae were detected in about 7%.

Zusammenfassung

Zecken gehören weltweit zu den wichtigsten Überträgern von Krankheitserregern des Menschen. Zecken werden zwei Familien zugeordnet, den Schildzecken und den Lederzecken. Während manche Lederzecken Vektoren für Rückfallfieber-Borrelien in relativ trockenen Klimaten sind, übertragen Schildzecken eine Fülle von Krankheitserregern im gemäßigten Klima der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Unter den Schildzecken Europas ist Ixodes ricinus am weitesten verbreitet und bei weitem die häufigste Zeckenart auf unserem Kontinent. Die dreiwirtige Zecke benötigt in jedem Entwicklungsstadium nur eine Blutmahlzeit. Ixodes ricinus hat ein sehr weites Wirtsspektrum; mehr als 300 verschiedene Wirbeltierarten dienen als Blutwirte. Gewöhnlich befallen die Zecken-Larven kleine Säugetiere, wie Mäuse, und nehmen dabei verschiedenste Mikroorganismen und Viren auf, unter denen sich gefährliche Krankheitserreger des Menschen befinden. Nymphen befallen den Menschen sehr häufig. Sie können die Krankheitserreger von Lyme-Borreliose, Früh-Sommer-Meningo-Enzephalitis, Anaplasmose, Rickettsiosen, Hasenpest (Tularämie), Bartonellose und Babesiose auf den Menschen übertragen, wobei die Borrelien am weitaus häufigsten klinische Erkrankungen verursachen. Selten verursachen Babesien eine manifeste Erkrankung des Menschen. In heimischen Ixodes ricinus-Zecken wurde im Rahmen eines EU-Projekts mittels PCR-Methoden nach den bakteriellen Krankheitserregern Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp., Francisella tularensis, Rickettsien- und Babesien-Arten gefahndet. Dazu wurde auch die Prävalenz von Bartonella-Arten untersucht. Abgesehen von Einzelfunden von Coxiella burnetii und Francisella tularensis wurden Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelien, Rickettsien, insbesondere Rickettsia helvetica, und Babesien insgesamt in 15%, 14%, 6% und überraschenden 36% beziehungsweise 51% und Bartonellen in etwa 7% nachgewiesen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Larsson C, Andersson M, Bergström S (2009) Current issues in relapsing fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22: 443–449

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parola P, Raoult D (2001) Ticks and tick-borne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin Infect Dis 32: 897–928

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radda A, Burger I, Stanek G, Wewalka G (1986) Austrian hard ticks as vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi, overview. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 263: 79–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis DT, Piesman JF (2005) Overview of tick-borne infections of humans. In: Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (eds) Tick-borne diseases of humans. ASM Press, Washington, pp 3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahl O, Hoff R, Knülle W (1990) Gross morphological changes in the salivary glands of Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) between bloodmeals in relation to active uptake of atmospheric water vapour. Exp Appl Acarol 9: 239–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray JS (2002) Biology of Ixodes species ticks in relation to tick-borne zoonoses. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 473-478

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Assadian O, Stanek G (2002) Theobald Smith – the discoverer of ticks as vectors of disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 479–481

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton J, Todd J (1905) The nature of tick fever in the eastern part of the Congo freestate. Br med J

  • Ricketts HT (19009) A micro-organism which apparently has a specific relationship to Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. A Preliminary Report. J Am Med Assoc 52: 379–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H (1931) Über epidemische akute "Meningitis serosa". Wien Klin Wochenschr 44: 350–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanek G, Hofmann H (1994) Krank durch Zecken; FSME und Lyme-Borreliose; Prävention, Infektion, Therapie. Wilhelm Maudrich, Wien München Berlin, ISNB 3-85175-5138

  • Gallia F, Rampas J, Hollender L (1949) Laboratorni infekce encefalitickym virem. Cas Lek Ces 88: 224–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Moritsch H, Krausler J (1975) Die endemischen Frühsommermenigoencephalitis im Wiener Becken (Schneider'sche Erkrankung). Wien Klin Wochenschr 69: 921–926

    Google Scholar 

  • Radda A, Loew J, Pretzmann G (1963) Research on a natural focus of early summer meningoencephalitis (ESME) in Lower Austria. 2. Attempts at isolation of viruses from arthropods and small mammals. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 190: 281–298

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radda A, Kunz C (1986) Virological studies on tick-borne encephalitis in natural foci in Austria Acta Virol 12: 268–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Labuda M, Stünzner D, Kozuch O, Sixl W, Kociánová E, Schäffler R, Výrosteková V (1993) Tick-borne encephalitis virus activity in Styria, Austria. Acta Virol 37: 187–190

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sixl W, Stünzner D, Withalm H, Köck M (1989) Rare transmission mode of FSME (tick-borne encephalitis) by goat's milk. Geogr Med [Suppl] 2: 11–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Süss J, Beziat P, Rohr HP, Treib J, Haass A (1996) Detection of the tickborne encephalitits virus (TBEV) in ticks in several federal "Länder" of Germany by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – characterization of the virus. Infection 24: 403–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Süss J, Schrader C, Falk U, Wohanka N (2004) Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Germany – epidemiological data, development of risk areas and virus prevalence in field-collected ticks and in ticks removed from humans. Int J Med Microbiol 293 [Suppl 37]: 69–79

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Süss J, Klaus C, Diller R, Schrader C, Wohanka N, Abel U (2006) TBE incidence versus virus prevalence and increased prevalence of the TBE virus in Ixodes ricinus removed from humans. Int J Med Microbiol 296: 63–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupca A M (2009) Ixodes ricinus (Ixodidae): Saisonale Aktivität und natürliche Infektionen mit dem FSME-Virus an ausgewählten Standorten in Bayern. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der tiermedizinischen Doktor-würde der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. by VVB Laufsweiler, Giessen, Germany

  • Labuda M, Jones LD, Williams T, Danielova V, Nuttall PA (1993) Efficient transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between cofeeding ticks. J Med Entomol 30: 295–299

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph SE (2000) Ticks and tick-borne disease systems in space and from space. Adv Parasitol 47: 217–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Benach JL, Grunwaldt E, Davis JP (1982) Lyme disease – a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216: 1317–1319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RC, Schmid GP, Hyde FW, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ (1984) Borrelia burgdorferi sp. nov.: etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34: 496–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asbrink E, Hederstedt B, Hovmark A (1984) The spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius. Acta Derm Venereol 64: 291–295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asbrink E, Hovmark A, Hederstedt B (1984) The spirochetal etiology of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans Herxheimer. Acta Derm Venereol 64: 506–512

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preac Mursic V, Wilske B, Schierz G, Pfister HW, Einhäupl K (1984) Repeated isolation of spirochetes from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with meningoradiculitis Bannwarth. Eur J Clin Microbiol 3: 564–565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanek G, Wewalka G, Groh V, Neumann R (1985) Isolation of spirochetes from the skin of patients with erythema chronicum migrans in Austria. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 260: 88–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaschitz M (2008) Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks from Austria. Doctoral Thesis for the award of the academic degree Philosophical Doctor. Die Dissertation wurde vom VFWF (Verein zur Förderung von Wissenschaft und Forschung in den neuen Universitätskliniken am Allgemeinen Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien) mit dem Dissertationspreis 2009 ausgezeichnet

  • Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC, Rikihisa Y, Rurangirwa FR (2002) Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and "HGE agent" as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 2145–2165

    Google Scholar 

  • Sixl W, Petrovec M, Marth E, Wüst G, Stünzner D, Schweiger R, Avsic-Zupanc T (2003) Investigation of Anaplasma phagocytophila infections in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in Austria. Ann NY Acad Sci 990: 94–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walder G, Fuchs D, Sarcletti M, Berek K, Falkensammer B, Huber K, Petrovec M, Dierich MP, Würzner R (2006) Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Austria: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings in five consecutive patients from Tyrol, Austria. Int J Med Microbiol 296 [Suppl 40]: 297–301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotric-Furlan S, Rojko T, Petrovec M, Avsic-Zupanc T, Strle F (2006) Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Slovenia. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 708–713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrovec M, Lotric Furlan S, Zupanc TA, Strle F, Brouqui P, Roux V, Dumler JS (1997) Human disease in Europe caused by a granulocytic Ehrlichia species. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1556–1559

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stünzner D, Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Wendelin I, Sixl W, Marth E (2006) Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the tick Ixodes ricinus in the Styrian mountains of Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 682–685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanek G, Burger I, Hirschl A, Wewalka G, Radda A (1986) Borrelia transfer by ticks during their life cycle. Studies on laboratory animals. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 263: 29–33

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubálek Z, Stünzner D, Halouzka J, Sixl W, Wendelin I, Juricová Z, Sanogo YO (2003) Prevalence of borreliae in ixodid ticks from a floodplain forest ecosystem. Wien Klin Wochenschr 115: 121–124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaschitz M, Narodoslavsky-Gföller M, Kanzler M, Walochnik J, Stanek G (2008) Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Austria. Int J Med Microbiol 298 [Suppl 1]: 168–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel UC, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Leonhard S, Hofmann H, Weber K, Pfister K, Strle F, Wilske B (2008) Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from southern Germany with special respect to the new species Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. Int J Med Microbiol 298: 279–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strle F, Cheng Y, Nelson JA, Picken MM, Bouseman JK, Picken RN (1995) Infection rate of Ixodes ricinus ticks with Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in Slovenia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14: 994–1001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khanakah G, Kocianová E, Vyrosteková V, Rehácek J, Kundi M, Stanek G (2006) Seasonal variations in detecting Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in rodents from north eastern Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 754–758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanek G, O'Connell S, Cimmino M, Aberer E, Kristoferitsch W, Granström M, Guy E, Gray J (1996) European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis: clinical case definitions for Lyme borreliosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 108: 741–747

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanek G, Strle F (2003) Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 362: 1639–1647

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strle F, Stanek G (2009) Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Curr Probl Dermatol 37: 51–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Köck M, Sixl W, Stünzner D, Kaaserer B, Sixl-Voigt B, Withalm H (1989) Incidence of Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsiae from the RMSF group in the sub-Alpine region in Austria. Geogr Med [Suppl] 2: 127–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaaserer B, Rehacek J, Urvögly J, Kovacova E, Lukacova M, Kocianova (1994) First Isolation of the Q-fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Tyrol (Austria). Ber. nat.-med. Verein Innsbruck 81: 223–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehácek J, Kaaserer B, Urvölgyi J, Lukácová M, Kovácová E, Kocianová E (1994) Isolation of Coxiella burnetii and of an unknown rickettsial organism from Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Austria. Eur J Epidemiol 10: 719–723

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smetanová K, Schwarzová K, Kocianová E (2006) Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ticks, and wild-living animals in western and middle Slovakia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1078: 312–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM (2006) Q fever. Lancet 367: 679–688

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurycová D, Kocianová E, Výrosteková V, Rehácek J (1995) Prevalence of ticks infected with Francisella tularensis in natural foci of tularemia in western Slovakia. Eur J Epidemiol 11: 469–474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurycová D, Výrosteková V, Khanakah G, Kocianová E, Stanek G (2001) Importance of surveillance of tularemia natural foci in the known endemic area of Central Europe, 1991–1997. Wien Klin Wochenschr 113: 433–438

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubálek Z, Sixl W, Halouzka J (1998) Francisella tularensis in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from the Czech Republic and Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 110: 909–910

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Výrosteková V, Khanakah G, Kocianová E, Gurycová D, Stanek G (2002) Prevalence of coinfection with Francisella tularensis in reservoir animals of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 482–488

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitalská E, Boldis V, Kostanová Z, Kocianová E, Stefanidesová K (2008) Incidence of various tick-borne microorganisms in rodents and ticks of central Slovakia. Acta Virol 52: 175–179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer W, Aeschlimann A, Peter O, Hayes SF, Philip RN (1979) Ixodes ricinus: vector of a hitherto undescribed spotted fever group agent in Switzerland. Acta Trop 36: 357–367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazlikova M, Kaaserer B, Brezina R, Kovacova E, Kaaserer G (1977) Isolation of Rickettsia of the spotted fever group (SF group) from Dermacentor marginatus ticks in Tirol, Austria. Immun Infekt 5: 167

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehácek J, Kocianová E, Lukácová M, Stanek G, Khanakah G, Vyrosteková V, Valková D (1997) Detection of spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Austria. Acta Virol 41: 355–356

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaschitz M, Narodoslavsky-Gföller M, Kanzler M, Walochnik J, Stanek G (2008) First detection of Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Austria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 561–563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprong H, Wielinga PR, Fonville M, Reusken C, Brandenburg AH, Borgsteede F, Gaasenbeek C, van der Giessen JW (2009) Ixodes ricinus ticks are reservoir hosts for Rickettsia helvetica and potentially carry flea-borne Rickettsia species. Parasites & Vectors 2: 41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakos A (1997) Tick-borne lymphadenopathy – a new rickettsial disease? Lancet 350: 1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibarra V, Oteo JA, Portillo A, Santibanez S, Blanco JR, Metola L, Eiros JM, Perez-Martinez L, Sanz M (2006) Rickettsia slovaca infection: DEBONEL/TIBOLA. Ann NY Acad Sci 1078: 206–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häselbarth K, Tenter AM, Brade V, Krieger G, Hunfeld KP (2007) First case of human babesiosis in Germany – clinical presentation and molecular characterisation of the pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol 297: 197–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld KP, Baier M, Krumbholz A, Sachse S, Lorenzen T, Kiehntopf M, Fricke HJ, Straube E (2007) First confirmed autochthonous case of human Babesia microti infection in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26: 595–601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaschitz M, Narodoslavsky-Gföller M, Kanzler M, Stanek G, Walochnik J (2008) Babesia species occurring in Austrian Ixodes ricinus ticks. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 4841–4846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scrabalo Z, Deanovic Z (1957) Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case. Doc Med Geogr Trop 9: 11–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Herwaldt BL, Cacciò S, Gherlinzoni F, Aspöck H, Slemenda SB, Piccaluga P, Martinelli G, Edelhofer R, Hollenstein U, Poletti G, Pampiglione S, Löschenberger K, Tura S, Pieniazek NJ (2003) Molecular characterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 942–948

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zintl A, Mulcahy G, Skerrett HE, Taylor SM, Gray JS (2003) Babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance. Clin Microbiol Rev 16: 622-636

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunfeld K-P, Hildebrandt A, Gray JS (2008) Babesiosis: recent insights into an ancient disease. Int J Parasitol 38: 1219–1237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanogo YO, Zeaiter Z, Caruso G, Merola F, Shpynov S, Brouqui P, Raoult D (2002) Bartonella henselae in Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodida) removed from humans, Belluno province, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 329–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Adelson ME, Rao RV, Tilton RC, Cabets K, Eskow E, Fein L, Occi JL, Mordechai E (2004) Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophila in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Northern New Jersey. J Clin Microbiol 42: 2799–2801

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halos L, Jamal T, Maillard R, Beugnet F, Le Menach A, Boulouis HJ, Vayssier-Taussat M (2005) Evidence of Bartonella sp. in questing adult and nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks from France and co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Babesia sp. Vet Res 36: 79–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Podsiadly E, Karbowiak G, Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S (2009) Presence of Bartonella spp. in Ixodidae ticks. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009 Mar 26. [Epub ahead of print]

  • Müller A, Blaschitz M, Zutz C, Walochnik J, Stanek G (2009) Ticks as vectors of Bartonella species. Abstract and presentation at the 6th International Bartonella Meeting, 21–23 June 2009, Chester, UK

  • Kraiczy P, Rossmann E, Brade V, Simon MM, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Wallich R (2006) Binding of human complement regulators FHL-1 and factor H to CRASP-1 orthologs of Borrelia burgdorferi. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 669–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson B, von Lackum K, Riley SP, Cooley AE, Woodman ME, Bykowski T (2006) Evolving models of Lyme disease spirochete gene regulation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 643–652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraiczy P, Seling A, Brissette CA, Rossmann E, Hunfeld KP, Bykowski T, Burns LH, Troese MJ, Cooley AE, Miller JC, Brade V, Wallich R, Casjens S, Stevenson B (2008) Borrelia burgdorferi complement regulator-acquiring surface protein 2 (CspZ) as a serological marker of human Lyme disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15: 484–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa P (2005) Lyme disease agent borrows a practical coat. Nat Med 11: 831–832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Hygiene und Angewandte Immunologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria

    Gerold Stanek

Authors
  1. Gerold Stanek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gerold Stanek.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stanek, G. Büchse der Pandora: Krankheitserreger in Ixodes ricinus-Zecken in Mitteleuropa. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121, 673–683 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1281-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1281-9

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Search

Navigation