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Contralateral stroke during carotid endarterectomy due to abnormalities in the circle of Willis

Kontralateraler ischämischer Insult während Carotisendarterektomie aufgrund einer abnormen Variante des Circulus arteriosus cerebri Willisii

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Zusammenfassung

Zerebrale Minderdurchblutungen in Form von Embolie oder Hypoperfusion zählen zu den häufigsten Ursachen neurologischer Defizite im Rahmen der Carotisendarterektomie. Etwa 10–20% aller Patienten tolerieren die zerebrale Ischämie nicht, die durch das Setzen der Gefäßklemme induziert wird. Obgleich eine ausgedehnte präoperative bildgebende Diagnostik in den meisten Fällen entbehrlich ist, so existieren doch anatomische Varianten des Circulus Willisii, die die Ischämietoleranz über eine insuffiziente Kollateralisierung massgebend negativ beeinflussen können. In diesen Fällen sollte das spezifische Risiko eines Patienten bereits vor dem operativen Eingriff durch geeignete Untersuchungsverfahren abgeklärt werden, um das intraoperative Management, insbesondere die Notwendigkeit einer Shunteinlage und des notwendigen neurologischen Monitorings planen zu können. Da ein Regionalanästhesieverfahren die frühe Erkennung zerebraler Ischämien erlaubt, stellt es für diese Patientengruppe das Verfahren der Wahl dar. Wir berichten über eine Diabetikerin mit symptomatischer leichtgradiger linksseitiger Carotisstenose und einer nicht diagostizierten, ausgeprägten Anomalie des Circulus Willisii, bei der aufgrund des Einsatzes eines Regionalanästhesieverfahrens frühzeitig die Zeichen einer beiseitigen Hirnischämie erkannt und behandelt werden konnten. Bei diabetischen Patienten mit einer solchen Konstellation könnte ein präoperatives Screening mittels einer kombinierten Magnetresonanzperfusionsuntersuchung hilfreiche Hinweise auf ein erhöhtes Risiko zerebraler Ischämien während der Operation geben.

Summary

Approximately 10–20% of patients will not tolerate cross-clamping of the common carotid artery for carotid endarterectomy procedures. The most frequent causes of neurological deficits are either embolization of particulate matter or cerebral hypoperfusion. Insufficient blood flow through primary collaterals of the circle of Willis is the main reason for hypoperfusion that requires immediate shunt placement. Although excessive preoperative imaging is not indicated in many patients undergoing disobliteration of a stenosed internal carotid artery, there are some patients with particular anatomic constellations who would benefit from a more detailed preoperative work-up. In these cases, the specific risk should be evaluated prior to surgery in order to make plans for appropriate intraoperative management regarding neurologic monitoring and shunt insertion. As regional anesthesia permits early detection of ischemic symptoms, it is advantageous in these patients. We report a case where regional anesthesia allowed early detection of rapidly progressing signs of bi-hemispheric brain ischemia in a patient with diabetes and with at that time unknown severe abnormalities of the circle of Willis. Lack of adequate collateralization was detected only after surgery, in a combined perfusion-magnetic resonance imaging study. In symptomatic diabetics with low-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery, preoperative assessment of the function of the circle of Willis may therefore be helpful in predicting any increased risk for intraoperative cerebral ischemia.

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Correspondence to Martin Dworschak.

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Moritz, A., Koci, G., Steinlechner, B. et al. Contralateral stroke during carotid endarterectomy due to abnormalities in the circle of Willis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119, 669–673 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-007-0837-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-007-0837-9

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