Zusammenfassung
Dezentrale Erzeugung kann als Erzeugung geringerer Leistung bezeichnet werden, die an das Verteilnetz angeschlossen ist, jedoch ohne zentrale Planung und zentrale Einspeisung in das Netz auskommt. Eine geeignete Steuerung der dezentralen Erzeugung kann deren Leistung erheblich verbessern, ohne Netzbegrenzungen zu verletzen, und erleichtert damit eine erfolgreiche Beteiligung im Stromnetz und am Strommarkt. Im Folgenden werden zwei Steuerungsebenen – die Steuerung der einzelnen Einheiten dezentraler Erzeugung sowie die Netzsteuerung – vorgestellt. Erstere wird auf Basis von drei Technologien erläutert: Induktionsgeneratoren, Synchrongeneratoren und Stromrichter. Eine wirkungsvolle Netzsteuerung kann anhand eines aktiven Managementkonzepts aufgebaut werden. Schließlich werden drei Beispiele für die Steuerung – MicroGrids, Speicherzelle und virtuelles Kraftwerk – besprochen.
Summary
Distributed generation (DG), whose installed capacity is increasing rapidly, can be defined as low rating generation that is neither planned nor dispatched centrally and is usually connected to the distribution network. Appropriate control of DG can improve the performance of DG units without violating network constraints, and facilitate the effective participation of DG in power system and market operation. Two control levels, DG unit control and network control, are summarized. DG unit control is introduced based on three technologies: induction generators, synchronous generators and power electric converters. Effective network control can be built based upon active management concept. Finally, three DG control paradigms, MicroGrid, cell and virtual power plant, are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Awad, B., Ekanayake, J. B., Jenkins, N. (in press): Intelligent load control for frequency regulation in MicroGrids. Paper acc. f. publ. in the J. of Intelligent Automation and Soft Computation (Special issue on MicroGrids)
Awad, B., Shafiu, A., Jenkins, N. (2008): Voltage control in microgrids. International Journal of Distributed Energy Resources, 4 (2): 15
Baroudi, J. A., Dinavahi, V., Knight, A. M. (2007): A review of power converter topologies for wind generators. Renewable Energy, 32 (14): 2369–2385
Bousseau, P., Fesquet, F., et al. (2006): Solutions for the grid integration of wind farms – a survey. Wind Energy, 9 (1–2): 13–25
Chandrasena, R. P. S., Arulampalam, A., Ekanayake, J. B., Abeyratne, S. G. (2007): Grid side converter controller of DFIG for wind power generation. 2nd Int. Conf. on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS, August 2007, Sri Lanka
Cherian, S., Knazkins, V. (2007): The Danish cell project – part 2: Verification of control approach via modelling and laboratory tests. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007, Tampa, USA
CIGRE working group 37-23 (1999): Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed generation on the power system. Technical Report, CIGRE, 1999
Dimeas, A., Hatziargyriou, N. (2004): A multiagent system for MicroGrids. In: IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004, Denver, USA
Engler, A. (2005): Applicability of droops in low voltage grids. International Journal of Distributed Energy Resources, 1 (1): 1–5
Fujioka, Y., Maejima, H., et al. (2006): Regional power grid with renewable energy resources: A demonstrative project in Hachnohe. In: CIGRE session, 2006, Paris
Hatziargyriou, N., Jenkins, N., et al. (2006): MicroGrids – large scale integration of microgeneration to low voltage grids. In: CIGRE session, 2006, Paris
Hatziargyriou, N., Asano, H., Iravani, R., Marnay, C. (2007): Microgrids. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 5 (4): 78–94
Hird, C. M., Leite, H., Jenkins, N., Li, H. (2004): Network voltage controller for distributed generation. IEE Proc.: Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 151 (2): 150–156
Holdsworth, L., Wu, X. G., Ekanayake, J. B., Jenkins, N. (2003): Comparison of fixed speed and doubly-fed induction wind turbines during power system disturbances. IEE Proc.: Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 150 (3): 343–352
Lasseter, R., Abbas, A., et al. (2003): Integration of distributed energy resources: The CERTS MicroGrid concept. In: Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions, California Energy Commission, 2003: P50003–089F
Liew, S. N., Strbac, G. (2002): Maximising penetration of wind generation in existing distribution networks. IEE Proc.: Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 149 (3): 256–262
Lopes, J. A. P., Moreira, C. L., Madureira, A. G. (2006): Defining control strategies for MicroGrids islanded operation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21 (2): 916–924
Lund, P. (2007): The Danish cell project – part 1: Background and general approach. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007, Tampa, USA
Moreira, C. L., Resende, F. O., Lopes, J. A. P. (2007): Using low voltage MicroGrids for service restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 22 (1): 395–403
Pecas Lopes, J. A., Hatziargyriou, N., et al. (2007): Integrating distributed generation into electric power systems: A review of drivers, challenges and opportunities. Electric Power Systems Research, 77 (9): 1189–1203
Pudjianto, D., Ramsay, C., Strbac, G. (2007): Virtual power plant and system integration of distributed energy resources. IET Renewable Power Generation, 1 (1): 10–16
Thornley, V., Jenkins, N., et al. (2007): Field experience with active network management of distribution networks with distributed generation. In: 19th Int. Conf. on Electricity Distribution, CIRED 2007, Austria
Tran-Quoc, T., Braun, M., et al. (2007): Using control capabilities of DER to participate in distribution system operation. In: PowerTech, 2007, Switzerland: 561–566
Vovos, P. N., Kiprakis, A. E., Wallace, A. R., Harrison, G. P. (2007): Centralized and distributed voltage control: Impact on distributed generation penetration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 22 (1): 476–483
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Awad, B., Wu, J. & Jenkins, N. Control of distributed generation. Elektrotech. Inftech. 125, 409–414 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00502-008-0591-3
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00502-008-0591-3