Abstract
The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is generally regarded as a significant serum marker in estimating renal function. This study aims to explore the geographical distribution of BUN reference values of Chinese healthy adults, and provide a scientific basis for determining BUN reference values of Chinese healthy adults of different regions according to local conditions. A total of 25,568 BUN reference values of healthy adults from 241 Chinese cities were collected in this study, and 17 geographical indices were selected as explanatory variables. The correlation analysis was used to examine the significance between BUN reference value and geographical factors, then five significant indices were extracted to build two predictive models, including principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector regression (SVR) model, then the optimal model was selected by model test to predict BUN reference values of the whole China, finally the distribution map was produced. The results show that BUN reference value of Chinese healthy adult was characteristically associated with latitude, altitude, annual mean temperature, annual mean relative humidity, and annual precipitation. The model test shows, compared with SVR model, the PCA model possesses superior simulative and predictive ability. The distribution map shows that the BUN reference values of Chinese healthy adult are lower in the east and higher in the west. These results indicate that the BUN reference value is significantly affected by geographical environment, and the BUN reference values of different regions could be seen clearly on distribution map.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adnan N, Ahmad MH, Adnan R (2006) A comparative study on some methods for handling multicollinearity problems. Mat 22(2):109–119
Diniz-Filho JAF, Bini LM, Hawkins BA (2003) Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 12(12):53–64
El-Dereny M, Rashwan NI (2011) Solving multicollinearity problem using ridge regression models. Int J Contemp Math Sci 6(12):585–600
Foster GR, Fried MW, Hadziyannis S et al (2007) Prediction of sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) and ribavirin. Scand J Gastroenterol 42(2):247–255
Gao YQ, Wang PY, Zhou QQ et al (2006) High altitude physiology. People’s medical publishing house, Beijing (in Chinese)
Ge M, Zhang YP, He JW et al (2009) Normal reference value of red blood cell count of Chinese young men and geographical factors. Semin Diagn Pathol 26(1):53–60
Gonzales GF (2011) Hemoglobin and testosterone: importance on high altitude acclimatization and adaptation. Rev Peru Med ExpSalud Publica 28(1):92–100
Han X, Ge M, Dong J et al (2015) The relationship between left ventricle myocardial performance index of healthy women and geographical factors. Int J Biometeorol 8(2):1–9
Ke ZF (2013) Value of the serum creatinine, cystatin C, urea nitrogen and β2-microglobulin detection in the early renal damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus. China Med Herald 10(22):94–96 (in Chinese)
Kirtane AJ, Leder DM, Waikar SS et al (2005) Serum blood urea nitrogen as an independent marker of subsequent mortality among patients with acute coronary syndromes and normal to mildly reduced glomerular filtration rates. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(11):1781–1786
Latifoğlu F, Polat K, Kara S et al (2008) Medical diagnosis of atherosclerosis from carotid artery Doppler signals using principal component analysis (PCA), k-NN based weighting pre-processing and artificial immune recognition system (AIRS). J Biomed Inf 41(1):15–23
Li KQ, Zhang ZQ, Dong P (2006) The application of SPSS software in research of—correlation analysis and regression. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med 24(7):1300–1301 (in Chinese)
Li DC, Chen WC, Liu CW et al (2012) A non-linear quality improvement model using SVR for manufacturing TFT-LCDs. J Intell Manuf 23(3):835–844
Li T, Zhang T, Fang XH et al (2015) The diagnostic value of UmALB, serum CysC, Cr and BUN levels of early renal damage in GDM. Chin J Health Lab Tec 37(3):385–386 404 (in Chinese)
Li NH, Wei LM, Gao L, et al. (2017) Blood index variation research for the crowd short-termly camping at 4000-5000m altitude. Med J Natl Defending Forces Northwest China 38(5): 340–343
Liao HX, Zhang Q, Du CH et al (2009) Application of principal component analysis and multivariate linear regression in the analysis of the relationship between incidence of bacillary dysentery and meteorological factors. Mod Prev Med 36(5):813–815
Lichstein JW, Simons TR, Shriner SA et al (2002) Spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive models in ecology. Ecol Monogr 72(3):445–463
Liu Y (2005) Mathematical model of multiple linear regression. J Shenyang Inst Eng (Nat Sci) 1(2):128–129 (in Chinese)
Liu RX, Xiao CP, Gong Q, et al. (2001) The principal component regression analysis with SPSS. J Math Med 14(2):103–105 (in Chinese)
Long YL (2011) The application of SPSS in data process of medical scientific research. Chin Med Rec 12(7):41–42 (in Chinese)
Ma HX, Zhou YH, Ma L, et al. (2016) Comparison of main biochemical indicators between healthy subjects and sub-healthy subjects with different sex. Lad Med 31(12):1011–1016 (in Chinese)
Manoeuvrier G, Bachngohou K, Batard E et al (2017) Diagnostic performance of serum blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio for distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic acute kidney injury in the emergency department. BMC Nephrol 18(1):173
Marill KA (2004) Advanced statistics: linear regression, part II: multiple linear regression. Acad Emerg Med 11(1):94–102
Mazzali M, Jefferson JA, Ni Z (2003) Microvascular and tubulointerstitial injury associated with chronic hypoxia-induced hypertension. Kidney Int 63(6):2088–2093
Tan HQ, Yin XM (2015) Clinical values of PTH, BUN and Cr in patients with early diagnosis of renal damage. J Hainan Med Univ 21(2):197–199 (in Chinese)
Tao J (2014) The effect of simvastatin on microinflammatory state in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. China J Mod Med 24(4):84–87 (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Nuerman GL, Wang YH, et al. (2011) Changes of renal function in healthy young men arrived at different high altitudes. Med J Natl Defending Forces Southwest China 21(1):24–26 (in Chinese)
Wei DZ, Ge M, Wang CX et al. (2016) Geographical distribution of the serum creatinine reference values of healthy adults. J South Med Univ 36(11): 1555–1560 (in Chinese)
Xu JH (2006) Quantitative geography. Higher Education Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Yuan YN, Ma QF (1999) Ultrasonic study of renes in healthy soldiers at various altitude. J High Alt Med 9(4):38–39 (in Chinese)
Zhang GT (2017) Change of cystatin C, β2-microglobulin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in different stages of type 2 diabetic nephropathy and their diagnostic value. Chin J Gen Pract 15(5):850–852 (in Chinese)
Zhao B, Liu JR, Sun J, et al. (2016) Establishment of the reference interval for CRE, UREA among healthy college students. Chin J Prim Med Pharm 23(6):848–851 (in Chinese)
Zhu N, Zhang LX, Zhang H, et al. (2017) Clinical significance of serum bun, Cr, CysC and RBP combined detection for early diagnosis of renal damage in patients with lupus nephritis. J Mod Lab Med 32(2): 114–116 (in Chinese)
Funding
This work was supported by grant 40971060 from the Nature Science Foundation of China, and grants 2016CSY012, 2016CSZ005, and 2016TS055 from the fundamental Research Funds for the Central University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wei, D., Ge, M. The spatial distribution of BUN reference values of Chinese healthy adults: a cross-section study. Int J Biometeorol 62, 2099–2107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1585-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1585-4