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Source areas and long-range transport of pollen from continental land to Tenerife (Canary Islands)

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Abstract

The Canary Islands, due to their geographical position, constitute an adequate site for the study of long-range pollen transport from the surrounding land masses. In this study, we analyzed airborne pollen counts at two sites: Santa Cruz de Tenerife (SCO), at sea level corresponding to the marine boundary layer (MBL), and Izaña at 2,367 m.a.s.l. corresponding to the free troposphere (FT), for the years 2006 and 2007. We used three approaches to describe pollen transport: (1) a classification of provenances with an ANOVA test to describe pollen count differences between sectors; (2) a study of special events of high pollen concentrations, taking into consideration the corresponding meteorological synoptic pattern responsible for transport and back trajectories; and (3) a source–receptor model applied to a selection of the pollen taxa to show pollen source areas. Our results indicate several extra-regional pollen transport episodes to Tenerife. The main provenances were: (1) the Mediterranean region, especially the southern Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, through the trade winds in the MBL. These episodes were characterized by the presence of pollen from trees (Casuarina, Olea, Quercus perennial and deciduous types) mixed with pollen from herbs (Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae and Poaceae wild type). (2) The Saharan sector, through transport at the MBL level carrying pollen principally from herbs (Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae wild type) and, in one case, Casuarina pollen, uplifted to the free troposphere. And (3) the Sahel, characterized by low pollen concentrations of Arecaceae, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae wild type in sporadic episodes. This research shows that sporadic events of long-range pollen transport need to be taken into consideration in Tenerife as possible responsible agents in respiratory allergy episodes. In particular, it is estimated that 89–97% of annual counts of the highly allergenous Olea originates from extra-regional sources in southern Iberia and northern Africa.

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Acknowledgments

This research received financial support from the Spanish government through the projects CGL2005-07543, CGL2009-11205, CGL2009-13188-01 and the “Subprograma MICINN-PTA” funded by the European Social Fund (ESF). We also thank the contribution of CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010 projects “Multidisciplinary Research Consortium on Gradual and Abrupt Climate Changes, and their Impacts on the Environment” (GRACCIE)” and CSD2008-00040 “Los montes españoles y el cambio global: amenazas y oportunidades (MONTES)”. Also, the “COST Action ES0603: EUPOL Assessment of production, release, distribution and health impact or allergenic pollen in Europe” and “Proyecto EOLO-PAT (Predicción Aerobiológica para Tenerife), which is a joint project between Laboratori d'Anàlisis Palinològiques, Centro de Investigación Atmosférica de Izaña (CIAI) and Air Liquide España S.A. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the colaboration of Sergio Afonso (responsible for collection samples in IZO y SCO) and Rut Puigdemunt (responsible for pollen analysis in SCO). Finally, we thank the NASA for satellite images acquired by SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain

    Rebeca Izquierdo & Anna Avila

  2. Unitat de Botànica and ICTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain

    Rebeca Izquierdo & Jordina Belmonte

  3. Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/ Urgell 187, 08036, Barcelona, Spain

    Marta Alarcón

  4. Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (AEMET), Tenerife, Spain

    Emilio Cuevas & Silvia Alonso-Pérez

  5. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

    Silvia Alonso-Pérez

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  1. Rebeca Izquierdo
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Correspondence to Rebeca Izquierdo.

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Izquierdo, R., Belmonte, J., Avila, A. et al. Source areas and long-range transport of pollen from continental land to Tenerife (Canary Islands). Int J Biometeorol 55, 67–85 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0309-1

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