Skip to main content
Log in

A stochastic approach for sustainability analysis under the green economics paradigm

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sustainability is an increasingly important factor in today’s globally competitive environment. How sustainability features are prioritized in terms of relevance and significance is a function of many factors, including variations in types of business, operational conditions, history and other characteristics particular to a company. The purpose of this paper is to propose a stochastic model that explicitly addresses the potential barriers and enablers to sustainability in order to measure and assess the sustainability level of a company. Given that the potential barriers and enablers to sustainability are context dependent, the stochastic model developed in this paper assumes that a variable characterization of sustainability functions can describe a realistic analytical model for a company’s sustainability behavior. By adopting the strong sustainability perspective, a case scenario is used to demonstrate the application of the proposed model in a major Canadian electric utility. By providing relatively simple and informative measurement, the proposed sustainability model can be used as a practical and effective tool to assess the sustainability level of any company under consideration and to evaluate sustainability fluctuation of the company over time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahi P, Searcy C (2013) A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management. J Cleaner Prod 52:329–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aras G, Crowther D (2009) Making sustainable development sustainable. Manag Decis 47:975–988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres RU (2007) On the practical limits to substitution. Ecol Econ 61:115–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres RU (2008) Sustainability economics: where do we stand? Ecol Econ 67:281–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azapagic A (2004) Developing a framework for sustainable development indicators for the mining and minerals industry. J Cleaner Prod 12:639–662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azapagic A, Perdan S (2000) Indicators of sustainable development for industry: a general framework. Process Saf Environ Prot 78:243–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett J, Scott A (2001a) An ecological footprint of liverpool: developing sustainable scenarios. Stockholm Environment Institute, York

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett J, Scott A (2001b) The ecological footprint: a metric for corporate sustainability. Corp Environ Strategy 8:316–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner S, Quaas MF (2009) Ecological–economic viability as a criterion of strong sustainability under uncertainty. Ecol Econ 68:2008–2020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohringer C, Jochem PEP (2007) Measuring the immeasurable—a survey of sustainability indices. Ecol Econ 63:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cato MS (2009) Green economics: an introduction to theory, policy and practice. Earthscan, Sterling

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavas JP (2000) Ecosystem valuation under uncertainty and irreversibility. Ecosystems 3:11–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb C, Halstead T, Rowe J (1995) The genuine progress indicator: summary of data and methodology. Redefining Progress, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Colby ME (1991) Environmental management in development: the evolution of paradigms. Ecol Econ 3:193–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuadra M, Bjorklund J (2007) Assessment of economic and ecological carrying capacity of agricultural crops in Nicaragua. Ecol Ind 7:133–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daly HE, Cobb JB (1989) For the common good: redirecting the economy toward community, the environment and sustainable future. Beacon Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Dantsis T, Douma C, Giourga C, Loumou A, Polychronaki E (2010) A methodological approach to assess and compare the sustainability level of agricultural plant production systems. Ecol Ind 10:256–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devall B, Sessions G (1984) The development of natural resources and the integrity of nature. Environ Ethics 6:293–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz S, Neumayer E (2007) Weak and strong sustainability in the SEEA: concepts and measurement. Ecol Econ 61:617–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dzemydiene D (2008) Preface to sustainable development problems in the issue. Technol Econ Dev Econ 14:8–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert U, Welsch H (2004) Meaningful environmental indices: a social choice approach. J Environ Econ Manag 47:270–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckelman MJ (2010) Facility-level energy and greenhouse gas life-cycle assessment of the global nickel industry. Resour Conserv Recycl 54:256–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erb KH (2004) Actual land demand of Austria 1926–2000: a variation on ecological footprint assessments. Land Use Policy 21:247–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannetti BE, Almeida CMVB, Bonilla SH (2010) Comparing emergy accounting with well-known sustainability metrics: the case of Southern Cone Common Market, Mercosur. Energy Policy 38:3518–3526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowdy J (2005) Toward a new welfare economics for sustainability. Ecol Econ 53:211–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) (2013) https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/G3andG3-1/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 15 July 2013

  • Gutés MC (1996) The concept of weak sustainability. Ecol Econ 17:147–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartwick JM (1977) Intergenerational equity and the investing of rents from exhaustible resources. Am Econ Rev 67:972–974

    Google Scholar 

  • Herva M, Franco A, Ferreiro S, Alvarez A, Roca E (2008) An approach for the application of the Ecological Footprint as environmental indicator in the textile sector. J Hazard Mater 156:478–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuting R, Reijnders L (2004) Broad sustainability contra sustainability: the proper construction of sustainability indicators. Ecol Econ 50:249–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland L (2003) Can the principle of the ecological footprint be applied to measure the environmental sustainability of business? Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 10:224–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hydro-Quebec (2011a) Annual Report 2011. Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-63872-8, ISSN 0702-6706

  • Hydro-Quebec (2011b) Corporate Profile and Publications, Sustainability Reports. http://www.hydroquebec.com/publications/en/enviro_performance/index.html. Accessed 10 March 2013

  • Hydro-Quebec (2011c) Sustainable Development, GRI, Environmental Performance Indicators. http://www.hydroquebec.com/sustainable-development/gri/performance_environ.html. Accessed 10 March 2013

  • Hydro-Quebec (2012) http://www.hydroquebec.com/profile/index.html. Accessed 30 December 2012

  • Jacob M (1994) Sustainable development and deep ecology: an analysis of competing traditions. Environ Manage 18:477–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krajnc D, Glavic P (2005a) A model for integrated assessment of sustainable development. Resour Conserv Recycl 43:189–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krajnc D, Glavic P (2005b) How to compare companies on relevant dimensions of sustainability. Ecol Econ 55:551–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kratena K (2008) From ecological footprint to ecological rent: an economic indicator for resource constraints. Ecol Econ 64:507–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuan FY, Ho YP, Wang RY, Chen CW (2013) Using RPC Block Adjustment models for the accuracy of environmental research, cartography and geomarketing: a new concept of cartography. Stoch Env Res Risk Assess 27:1315–1331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenzen M, Dey CJ, Murray SA (2004) Historical accountability and cumulative impacts: the treatment of time in corporate sustainability reporting. Ecol Econ 51:237–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm O, Greatorex JM, Paruch AM (2007) Comparison of methods for calculation of sustainability indices for alternative sewerage systems—theoretical and practical considerations. Ecol Ind 7:71–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S, Zhao Q, Wen M, Deng L, Dong S, Wa C (2013) Assessing the impact of hydroelectric project construction on the ecological integrity of the Nuozhadu Nature Reserve, southwest China. Stoch Environ Res and Risk Assess. doi:10.1007/s00477-013-0708-z

  • Marchini A, Facchinetti T, Mistri M (2009) F-IND: A framework to design fuzzy indices of environmental conditions. Ecol Ind 9:485–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marvuglia A, Benetto E, Rios G, Rugani B (2013) SCALE: Software for CALculating Emergy based on life cycle inventories. Ecol Model 248:80–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer AL (2008) Strengths and weaknesses of common sustainability indices for multidimensional systems. Environ Int 34:277–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McBride AC, Dale VH, Baskaran LM, Downing ME, Eaton LM, Efroymson RA et al (2011) Indicators to support environmental sustainability of bioenergy systems. Ecol Ind 11:1277–1289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nijkamp P, Rossi E, Vindigni G (2004) Ecological footprints in plural: a meta-analytic comparison of empirical results. Reg Stud 38:747–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce D (1988) Economics, equity and sustainable development. Futures 20:598–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce DW, Atkinson GD (1993) Capital theory and the measurement of sustainable development: an indicator of “weak” sustainability. Ecol Econ 8:103–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott-Allen R (2001) The Wellbeing of Nations. Island Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Putzhuber F, Hasenauer H (2010) Deriving sustainability measures using statistical data: a case study from the Eisenwurzen, Austria. Ecol Ind 10:32–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos TB, Caeiro S (2010) Meta-performance evaluation of sustainability indicators. Ecol Ind 10:157–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees WE (2006) Ecological footprints and bio-capacity: essential elements in sustainability assessment. In: Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H (eds) Renewables-based technology: sustainability assessment, Chapter 9. John, Chichester, pp 143–157

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) http://www.c-fam.org/docLib/20080625_Rio_Declaration_on_Environment.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2013

  • Schaefer F, Luksch U, Steinbach N, Cabeça J, Hanauer J (2006) Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity—the world’s ability to regenerate resources and absorb waste in a limited time period. European Communities, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaubroeck T, Staelens J, Verheyen K, Muys B, Dewulf J (2012) Improved ecological network analysis for environmental sustainability assessment; a case study on a forest ecosystem. Ecol Model 247:144–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searcy C (2012) Corporate sustainability performance measurement systems: a review and research agenda. J Bus Ethics 107:239–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searcy C, McCartney D, Karapetrovic S (2007) Sustainable development indicators for the transmission system of an electric utility. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 14:135–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searcy C, McCartney D, Karapetrovic S (2008) Identifying priorities for action in corporate sustainable development indicator programs. Bus Strategy Environ 17:137–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RK, Murty HR, Gupta SK, Dikshit AK (2007) Development of composite sustainability performance index for steel industry. Ecol Ind 7:565–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RK, Murty HR, Gupta SK, Dikshit AK (2009) An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies (Review). Ecol Ind 9:189–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solow RM (1974) Intergenerational equity and exhaustible resources. Rev Econ Stud 41:29–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solow RM (1986) On the intergenerational allocation of natural resources. Scand J Econ 88:141–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solow R (1993) An almost practical step towards sustainability. Resour Policy 19:162–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spangenberg JH (2005) Economic sustainability of the economy: concepts and indicators. Int J Sustain Dev 8:47–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su S, Zhang Z, Xiao R, Jiang Z, Chen T, Zhang L et al (2012) Geospatial assessment of agroecosystem health: development of an integrated index based on catastrophe theory. Stoch Env Res Risk Assess 26:321–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syme GJ (2013) Acceptable risk and social values: struggling with uncertainty in Australian water allocation. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess. doi:10.1007/s00477-013-0694-1

  • Tatari O, Nazzal M, Kucukvar M (2012) Comparative sustainability assessment of warm-mix asphalts: a thermodynamic based hybrid life cycle analysis. Resour Conserv Recycl 58:18–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2005) Human development report. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bergh JCJM (2010) Externality or sustainability economics? Ecol Econ 69:2047–2052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wackernagel M (1998) The ecological footprint of Santiago de Chile. Local Environ 3:7–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wackernagel M, Rees WE (1996) Our ecological footprint—reducing human impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island

    Google Scholar 

  • Wackernagel M, Yount D (2000) Footprints for sustainability: the next steps. Environ Dev Sustain 2:23–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our common future. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmann TO, Lenzen M, Barrett JR (2009) Companies on the scale—comparing and benchmarking the sustainability performance of businesses. J Ind Ecol 13:361–383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson A, Hill M, Gollan P (2001) The sustainability debate. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 21:1492–1502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson J, Tyedmers P, Pelot R (2007) Contrasting and comparing sustainable development indicator metrics. Ecol Ind 7:299–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang CL, Lin SP, Chan YH, Sheu C (2010) Mediated effect of environmental management on manufacturing competitiveness: an empirical study. Int J Prod Econ 123:210–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for their support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Payman Ahi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ahi, P., Searcy, C. A stochastic approach for sustainability analysis under the green economics paradigm. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 28, 1743–1753 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0836-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0836-5

Keywords

Navigation