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Mixed Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) stands under drought: from reaction pattern to mechanism

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We review causes of synergies in mixed-species stands, develop guiding hypotheses for revealing their mechanisms and present a rainfall exclusion experiment along with a transect (KROOF) for exploring drought effects.

Abstract

While monocultures have dominated forest research and practice in the past, in face of growing resource scarcity and climate change, mixed-species stands are on the advance. Long-term observations show that mixed-species stands frequently over-yield monocultures, and they further suggest that the over-yielding is often higher on poor than on fertile sites and in low-growth than in high-growth years. However, the underlying causes have not yet been clarified. We start with a review of, among others, hydraulic redistribution, complementary eco-physiological traits, and ectomycorrhizal networks as possible causes behind the observed productivity gains in mixed-species stands. Then, we develop guiding hypotheses for further exploration of synergies in mixed-species stands. Finally, we introduce into the concept and model approach of the rainfall exclusion experiment for examining the role of water supply in mixed versus pure forest stands of spruce and beech. At the Kranzberg site, six plots are equipped with water retention roofs, which only close during rain events. The remaining six plots serve as non-roofed control. Together with the rainfall exclusion experiment, an ecological gradient with five sites extending through SE-Germany forms the “Kranzberg Roof Experiment” (in short KROOF). Kranzberg Forest is a part of this gradient from moist to dry conditions, with each site providing mixed and pure associations each of spruce and beech. The ecophysiological approach will be complemented by tree ring analysis and modelling of productivity of the tree associations under intense drought.

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Author contributions statement

H.P., R.M., and J-C.M. initiated the project. K.P., H.P., T.R., and K.-H.H. compiled the review, T.R., K.-H.H., T.G., K.P., and R.K. developed and established the experimental design, H.P., T.R., and K.P. wrote the manuscript. R.M. revised the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to the German Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) for providing the funds for the projects PR 292/12-1, MA 1763/7-1 and MU 831/23-1 “Tree and stand-level growth reactions on drought in mixed versus pure forests of Norway spruce and European beech”. Thanks are also due to the Bavarian State Ministries for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry and to the Bavarian State Ministries for Environment and Health for generous support of the roof buildings. We would like to thank the Bavarian State Institute for Forestry for their support and data supply as well as two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Bavaria, Germany

    H. Pretzsch & T. Rötzer

  2. Chair for Ecophysiology for Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany

    R. Matyssek, T. E. E. Grams & K.-H. Häberle

  3. Institute of Soil Ecology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany

    J.-C. Munch

  4. German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    K. Pritsch, R. Kerner & J.-C. Munch

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  1. H. Pretzsch
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Correspondence to H. Pretzsch.

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Communicated by U. Luettge.

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Pretzsch, H., Rötzer, T., Matyssek, R. et al. Mixed Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) stands under drought: from reaction pattern to mechanism. Trees 28, 1305–1321 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1035-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1035-9

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