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Effect of different rootstocks on PAL activity and phenolic compounds in flowers, leaves, hulls and kernels of three pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars

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Abstract

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a biochemical marker of environmental stress and plays a pivotal role in phenolic synthesis. Lower ROS levels and oxidative damage were observed in grafted plants; moreover, the rootstocks have a profound influence on the biochemical composition, especially of phenolic compounds. Regarding the importance of the effect rootstocks have on scion in pistachio trees, this study was carried out to assess and compare three pistachio cultivars (Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi and Kallehghuchi) on four rootstocks (Mutica, Ahli, Sarakhs and Atlantica). PAL activity, phenolic compounds, and flavonoid and anthocyanin contents in leaves, flowers and fruits were measured for the selection of the most suitable and compatible rootstock/scion resistant to environmental stresses. The results showed that PAL activity was different among the cultivars and organs. A positive correlation was observed between PAL activity and phenolic compounds in the leaves and flowers of Mutica-Ahmadaghaii, suggesting that it was more resistant than the others to environmental stresses. PAL activity and total phenolics in pistachio fruits suffered a decrease when the maturation processes began. The hulls of the pistachio fruits contained high levels of phenolic compounds, especially in Mutica-Ahmadaghaii, suggesting its function as a protective layer and a defense chemical against ultraviolet radiation and pathogens. Our results indicated the presence of a number of bioactive compounds in kernels with the highest amount belonging to Mutica-Ahmadaghaii. Therefore, we concluded that pistachio rootstocks mighy affect the antioxidant compounds in kernels.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Shahid Bahonar University for providing research funds and Iran’s Pistachio Research Institute (IPRI) for providing the research material.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box 76169-133, 76169-14111, Kerman, Iran

    Nazi Nadernejad & Ali Ahmadimoghadam

  2. Nutrition and Irrigation Department Iran’s, Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Javad Hossyinifard

  3. Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

    Shahram Poorseyedi

Authors
  1. Nazi Nadernejad
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  2. Ali Ahmadimoghadam
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  3. Javad Hossyinifard
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  4. Shahram Poorseyedi
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Correspondence to Nazi Nadernejad.

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Communicated by W. Bilger.

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Nadernejad, N., Ahmadimoghadam, A., Hossyinifard, J. et al. Effect of different rootstocks on PAL activity and phenolic compounds in flowers, leaves, hulls and kernels of three pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars. Trees 27, 1681–1689 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-013-0915-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-013-0915-8

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