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A 20-year history of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy

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Abstract

In 1984, physicians in New York and Miami reported HIV-infected adult patients with heavy proteinuria and rapid progression to end-stage renal disease. These patients showed large edematous kidneys with a combination of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and tubulointerstitial lesions. This renal syndrome, named HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), was found predominantly in African Americans. Subsequent studies confirmed the presence of HIVAN in children, who frequently develop nephrotic syndrome in association with FSGS and/or mesangial hyperplasia with microcystic tubular dilatation. Since then, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of HIVAN. This article reviews 20 years of research into the pathogenesis of HIVAN and discusses how these concepts could be applied to the treatment of children with HIVAN. HIV-1 infection plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of childhood HIVAN, at least partially by affecting the growth and differentiation of glomerular and tubular epithelial cells and enhancing the renal recruitment of infiltrating mononuclear cells and cytokines. An up-regulation of renal heparan sulfate proteoglycans seems to play a relevant role in this process, by increasing the recruitment of heparin-binding growth factors (i.e., FGF-2), chemokines, HIV-infected cells, and viral proteins (i.e., gp120, Tat). These changes enhance the infectivity of HIV-1 in the kidney and induce injury and proliferation of intrinsic renal cells. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) appears to be the most promising treatment to prevent the progression of childhood HIVAN. Hopefully, in the near future, better education, prevention, and treatment programs will lead to the eradication of this fatal childhood disease.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by National Institute of Health grants 2RO-1 DK 49419 and 2RO-1 HL 55605, and the “Fundación Argentina para el Desarrollo Infantil” from Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA

    Patricio E. Ray

  2. Division of Infectious Disease, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA

    Tamara Rakusan

  3. Children’s Research Institute, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA

    Patricio E. Ray, Lian Xu & Xue-Hui Liu

  4. Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA

    Patricio E. Ray & Tamara Rakusan

  5. Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Room 5111, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA

    Patricio E. Ray

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Correspondence to Patricio E. Ray.

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Ray, P.E., Xu, L., Rakusan, T. et al. A 20-year history of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 19, 1075–1092 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-004-1558-1

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