Lymphatic mapping improves staging during laparoscopic colectomy for cancer

Abstract

Background: Recently, lymphatic mapping (LM) of the sentinel lymph node (SN) has been coupled with ultrastaging methods to diagnose nodal micrometastases from colorectal cancer (CRC). We have developed a technique for LM at the time of laparoscopic colon resection (LCR). Methods: Between August 1996 and February 2000, 11 patients with small early-stage CRC underwent laparoscopic LM and LCR. The primary tumor/polyp site was visualized through a colonoscope and either tattooed preoperatively with a carbon dye (India ink), or stained intraoperatively by peritumoral injection of isosulfan blue dye. Immediately after intraoperative injection of blue dye, efferent lymphatic channels were visualized through the laparoscope and followed to the SN. Each blue-stained SN was marked with a suture or clip. Results: In all 11 cases, laparoscopic LM identified between one and three SN draining the primary tumor. LM added ~15-20 min to the operating time. The SN correctly reflected the nodal status of the entire specimen in all cases. In the one node-positive case, micrometastases were found only in an SN and only after cytokeratin immunohistochemistry (CK-IHC). In four cases, LM demonstrated unexpected primary lymphatic drainage that prompted an increase in the margins of resection. Conclusions: LM during laparoscopic colectomy for CRC may be useful to mark the primary tumor site and to demonstrate lymphatic drainage that can alter the margins of resection. Focused examination of SN identifies occult micrometastases that up-stage CRC.