Abstract
Cheese whey fermentation to ethanol using immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus cells was investigated in batch and continuous operation. In batch fermentation, the yeast cells were immobilized in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer and also synthesized graft copolymer of CMC with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, denoted as CMC-g-PVP, and the efficiency of the two developed cell entrapped beads for lactose fermentation to ethanol was examined. The yeast cells immobilized in CMC-g-PVP performed slightly better than CMC with ethanol production yields of 0.52 and 0.49 g ethanol/g lactose, respectively. The effect of supplementation of cheese whey with lactose (42, 70, 100 and 150 g/l) on fermentative performance of K. marxianus immobilized in CMC beads was considered and the results were used for kinetic studies. The first order reaction model was suitable to describe the kinetics of substrate utilization and modified Gompertz model was quite successful to predict the ethanol production. For continuous ethanol fermentation, a packed-bed immobilized cell reactor (ICR) was operated at several hydraulic retention times; HRTs of 11, 15 and 30 h. At the HRT of 30 h, the ethanol production yield using CMC beads was 0.49 g/g which implies that 91.07 % of the theoretical yield was achieved.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Carvalho F, Prazeres AR, Rivas J (2013) Cheese whey wastewater: characterization and treatment. Sci Total Environ 445:385–396
Güven G, Perendeci A, Tanyolaç A (2008) Electrochemical treatment of deproteinated whey wastewater and optimization of treatment conditions with response surface methodology. J Hazard Mater 157:69–78
Guimarães PM, Teixeira JA, Domingues L (2010) Fermentation of lactose to bio-ethanol by yeasts as part of integrated solutions for the valorisation of cheese whey. Biotechnol Adv 28:375–384
Smithers GW (2008) Whey and whey proteins—from ‘gutter-to-gold’. Int Dairy J 18:695–704
Siso MG (1996) The biotechnological utilization of cheese whey: a review. B Bioresour Technol 57:1–11
Panesar PS, Kennedy JF, Gandhi DN, Bunko K (2007) Bioutilisation of whey for lactic acid production. Food Chem 105:1–14
Zafar S, Owais M (2006) Ethanol production from crude whey by Kluyveromyces marxianus. Biochem Eng J 27:295–298
Demirel B, Yenigun O, Onay TT (2005) Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewaters: a review. Process Biochem 40:2583–2595
Farizoglu B, Keskinler B, Yildiz E, Nuhoglu A (2004) Cheese whey treatment performance of an aerobic jet loop membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem 39:2283–2291
Gannoun H, Khelifi E, Bouallagui H, Touhami Y, Hamdi M (2008) Ecological clarification of cheese whey prior to anaerobic digestion in upflow anaerobic filter. Bioresour Technol 99:6105–6111
Orhon D, Görgün E, Germirli F, Artan N (1993) Biological treatability of dairy wastewaters. Water Res 27:625–633
Papachristou E, Lafazanis CT (1997) Application of membrane technology in the pretreatment of cheese dairies wastes and co-treatment in a municipal conventional biological unit. Water Sci Technol 36:361–367
Gabardo S, Pereira GF, Klein MP, Rech R, Hertz PF, Ayub MAZ (2015) Dynamics of yeast immobilized-cell fluidized-bed bioreactors systems in ethanol fermentation from lactose-hydrolyzed whey and whey permeate. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 39:1–10
Rivas J, Prazeres AR, Carvalho F (2011) Aerobic biodegradation of precoagulated cheese whey wastewater. J Agric Food Chem 59:2511–2517
Koushki M, Jafari M, Azizi M (2012) Comparison of ethanol production from cheese whey permeate by two yeast strains. J Food Sci Technol 49:614–619
Hacking A, Taylor I, Hanas C (1984) Selection of yeast able to produce ethanol from glucose at 40 °C. Appl Microb Biotechnol 19:361–363
Balat M, Balat H (2009) Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel. Appl Energy 86:2273–2282
Fan C, Qi K, Xia X-X, Zhong J-J (2013) Efficient ethanol production from corncob residues by repeated fermentation of an adapted yeast. Bioresour Technol 136:309–315
Qi K, Xia X-X, Zhong J-J (2015) Enhanced anti-oxidative activity and lignocellulosic ethanol production by biotin addition to medium in Pichia guilliermondii fermentation. Bioresour Technol 189:36–43
Dale MC, Wankat PC, Okos MR (1987) Immobilized cell reactor-separator with simultaneous product separation and methods for design and use thereof. US Patents No.: US4665027A
Najafpour G, Younesi H, Ismail KSK (2004) Ethanol fermentation in an immobilized cell reactor using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresour Technol 92:251–260
Becerra M, Baroli B, Fadda A, Mendez JB, Siso MG (2001) Lactose bioconversion by calcium-alginate immobilization of Kluyveromyces lactis cells. Enzyme Microb Technol 29:506–512
Gunasekaran P, Kamini N (1991) High ethanol productivity from lactose by immobilized cells of Kluyveromyces fragilis and Zymomonas mobilis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 7:551–556
Ozmihci S, Kargi F (2008) Ethanol production from cheese whey powder solution in a packed column bioreactor at different hydraulic residence times. Biochem Eng J 42:180–185
Sansonetti S, Curcio S, Calabrò V, Iorio G (2009) Bio-ethanol production by fermentation of ricotta cheese whey as an effective alternative non-vegetable source. Biomass Bioenergy 33:1687–1692
Mawson A (1994) Bioconversions for whey utilization and waste abatement. Bioresour Technol 47:195–203
X-j QI, Gou J-x HAN, X-j Yan B (2004) Study on measuring reducing sugar by DNS reagent [J]. J Cellul Sci Technol 3:17–20
Fenelon M, Guinee T (1999) The effect of milk fat on Cheddar cheese yield and its prediction, using modifications of the Van Slyke cheese yield formula. J Dairy Sci 82:2287–2299
Kruger NJ (1994) The Bradford method for protein quantitation. Springer
APHA (1999) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. Method 5220 D. COD
APHA (1999) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. Method 2540 B. Total solids
APHA (1999) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. Method 2540 D. TSS
ASTM (2015) Standard test method for ash in biomass, Method E 1755. Ash
Yiğitoğlu M, Işıklan N, Özmen R (2007) Graft copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone onto sodium carboxymethylcellulose with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. J Appl Polym Sci 104:936–943
Gökgöz M, Yiğitoğlu M (2011) Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on to modified carboxymethylcellulose for production of ethanol. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 34:849–857
Mu Y, Wang G, Yu H-Q (2006) Kinetic modeling of batch hydrogen production process by mixed anaerobic cultures. Bioresour Technol 97:1302–1307
Mohammadi M, Mohamed AR, Najafpour GD, Younesi H, Uzir MH (2014) Kinetic studies on fermentative production of biofuel from synthesis gas using Clostridium ljungdahlii. Sci World J 2014:1–8
Yang S, Tang I, Okos M (1988) Kinetics and mathematical modeling of homoacetic fermentation of lactate by Clostridium formicoaceticum. Biotechnol Bioeng 32:797–802
Gabardo S, Rech R, Ayub MAZ (2012) Performance of different immobilized-cell systems to efficiently produce ethanol from whey: fluidized batch, packed-bed and fluidized continuous bioreactors. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 87:1194–1201
Christensen AD, Kádár Z, Oleskowicz-Popiel P, Thomsen MH (2011) Production of bioethanol from organic whey using Kluyveromyces marxianus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38:283–289
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roohina, F., Mohammadi, M. & Najafpour, G.D. Immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus cells in carboxymethyl cellulose for production of ethanol from cheese whey: experimental and kinetic studies. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 39, 1341–1349 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1610-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1610-0