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Pyroclastic currents are a long-standing research focus in volcanology. They involve multiphase flow processes that produce a wide range of deposits and that comprise a major source of volcanic hazard and risk. Note that the term pyroclastic current is used here in lieu of a variety of other terms such as nuée ardentes, ash flow, pyroclastic flow, volcanic base surge, pyroclastic flow, pyroclastic surge, and pyroclastic density current (c.f. LaCroix 1904; Ross and Smith 1961; Moore 1967; Fisher 1979; Branney and Kokelaar 2002). Early work focused on interpreting pyroclastic current processes through detailed field and sedimentological studies of deposits (e.g., Fisher and Waters 1970; Sparks 1976; Walker 1983; Wilson 1985). Process-related questions naturally led to theoretical studies that have grown in sophistication over the past four decades, while in parallel, the need to forecast some aspects of pyroclastic currents (such as runout, temperature, dynamic pressure, and depth) for hazard mitigation applications provided additional impetus for theoretical model development (e.g., Sparks et al. 1978; Valentine and Wohletz 1989; Neri et al. 2003; Patra et al. 2005). The complexity of pyroclastic current physics, involving a wide range of multiphase flow regimes, means that most theoretical models are solved by computation-intensive numerical approaches rather than analytical methods. Experimental research grew alongside field and theoretical work, ranging from analog experiments to focused work on granular flows and dilute currents (e.g., Bursik and Woods 2000; Roche et al. 2008; Andrews and Manga 2011) and, in the past decade, to large-scale experiments on the scales of tens of meters that are aimed at including as much of the relevant physics, compared with natural pyroclastic currents, as possible (Dellino et al. 2007; Lube et al. 2015).
Although many questions remain, our understanding of pyroclastic currents has accelerated in the past 15 years. This acceleration was complemented by several workshops that centered on identifying key problems and the importance of linking field, experimental, and modeling research. The most recent of these was held in January 2019 in New Zealand (Taupo and Palmerston North) and was co-organized by researchers at Massey University and Istituto Nazionale de Geofisica e Vulcanologia. That workshop focused entirely on the comparison of pyroclastic current models with experimental data for the purpose of validation (assessing how well a computational model represents the physical problem at hand) and benchmarking (comparison of different computational models with one another, using a well-defined dataset to define a problem). Workshop attendees concluded that experimental datasets and computational models have matured sufficiently to build momentum towards a community-driven effort that supports benchmarking and validation (B&V) of pyroclastic current models.
This Topical Collection is aimed at supporting such a community-driven effort by providing a platform for researchers to publish emerging B&V work and to serve as a resource for those interested in contributing to and/or participating as we further advance our modeling capabilities and our understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of pyroclastic current models. The Collection opens with a Perspectives paper by Esposti Ongaro et al. that presents a framework for benchmarking and validation, along with a brief review of the main classes of pyroclastic current models. Additional papers will include the following: (1) detailed descriptions of specific experiments (lab-scale and large-scale) and resulting datasets that can be used for B&V; (2) B&V results for specific models; (3) field datasets (from observed currents or deposits) that are sufficiently constrained for use as B&V cases. Manuscripts accepted for the Topical Collection will both be published as normal Bulletin of Volcanology papers and be flagged for the Collection. The Topical Collection will remain open for submissions over the next 2–3 years, or longer if additional contributions are anticipated. Indeed, B&V is never really “complete,” as pointed out in the Esposti Ongaro et al. Perspectives paper; a high level of community effort and desire to publish the resulting work could extend the open period for the Collection.
Finally, I thank colleagues who participated in the engaging discussions at the 2019 New Zealand workshop, which led to this Topical Collection and, in particular, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro, Gert Lube, and Sylvain Charbonnier, who have played key roles in initiating and promoting a community-driven benchmarking and validation initiative.
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This paper constitutes part of a topical collection:Pyroclastic current models: benchmarking and validation
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Valentine, G.A. Preface to the topical collection—pyroclastic current models: benchmarking and validation. Bull Volcanol 81, 69 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-019-1328-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-019-1328-3