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Deep-bedded ultramafic diatremes in the Missouri River Breaks volcanic field, Montana, USA: 1 km of syn-eruptive subsidence

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Abstract

The ultramafic Eocene Missouri River Breaks volcanic field (MRBVF, Montana, USA) includes over 50 diatremes emplaced in a mostly soft substrate. The current erosion level is 1.3–1.5 km below the pre-eruptive surface, exposing the deep part of the diatreme structures and some dikes. Five representative diatremes are described here; they are 200-375 m across and have sub-vertical walls. Their infill consists mostly of 55-90 % bedded pyroclastic rocks (fine tuffs to coarse lapilli tuffs) with concave-upward bedding, and 45–10 % non-bedded pyroclastic rocks (medium lapilli tuffs to tuff breccias). The latter zones form steep columns 15–135 m in horizontal dimension, which cross-cut the bedded pyroclastic rocks. Megablocks of the host sedimentary formations are also present in the diatremes, some being found 1 km or more below their sources. The diatreme infill contains abundant lithic clasts and ash-sized particles, indicating efficient fragmentation of magma and country rocks. The spherical to sub-spherical juvenile clasts are non-vesicular. They are accompanied by minor accretionary lapilli and armored lapilli. The deposits of dilute pyroclastic density currents are locally observed. Our main interpretations are as follows: (1) the observations strongly support phreatomagmatic explosions as the energy source for fragmentation and diatreme excavation; (2) the bedded pyroclastic rocks were deposited on the crater floor, and subsided by 1.0–1.3 km to their current location, with subsidence taking place mostly during the eruption; (3) the observed non-bedded pyroclastic columns were created by debris jets that punched through the bedded pyroclastic material; the debris jets did not empty the mature diatreme, occupying only a fraction of its width, and some debris jets probably did not reach the crater floor; (4) the mature diatreme was nearly always filled and buttressed by pyroclastic debris at depth – there was never a 1.3–1.5-km-deep empty hole with sub-vertical walls, otherwise the soft substrate would have collapsed inward, which it only did near the surface, to create the megablocks. We infer that syn-eruptive subsidence shifted down bedded pyroclastic material and shallow sedimentary megablocks by 0.8–1.1 km or more, after which limited post-eruptive subsidence occurred. This makes the MRBVF diatremes an extreme end-member case of syn-eruptive subsidence in the spectrum of possibilities for maar-diatreme volcanoes worldwide.

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Acknowledgements

This contribution is derived from the first author’s PhD thesis at INRS. V. Lorenz, J. Stix, and P. Francus are acknowledged for their input on the thesis. The study was funded by NSERC (Discovery grant to PSR) and an INRS start-up grant. We thank V. Lorenz, S. Kurszlaukis, and J.D.L. White for discussions during the 2009 Missouri River Breaks field workshop as well as field assistant M. Villemure for her precious help. G.A. Valentine and J.D.L. White kindly commented on the manuscript prior to submission. M. Ort and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful comments on the submitted manuscript.

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  1. Institut national de la recherche scientifique, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada

    Séverine Delpit & Pierre-Simon Ross

  2. United States Geological Survey, 954 National Center, Reston, VA, 20192, USA

    B. Carter Hearn Jr

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  1. Séverine Delpit
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  2. Pierre-Simon Ross
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Delpit, S., Ross, PS. & Hearn, B.C. Deep-bedded ultramafic diatremes in the Missouri River Breaks volcanic field, Montana, USA: 1 km of syn-eruptive subsidence. Bull Volcanol 76, 832 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-014-0832-8

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