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Entablature: fracture types and mechanisms

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Abstract

Entablature is the term used to describe zones or tiers of irregular jointing in basaltic lava flows. It is thought to form when water from rivers dammed by the lava inundates the lava flow surface, and during lava-meltwater interaction in subglacial settings. A number of different fracture types are described in entablature outcrops from the Búrfell lava and older lava flows in Þjórsárdalur, southwest Iceland. These are: striae-bearing, column-bounding fractures and pseudopillow fracture systems that themselves consist of two different fracture types—master fractures with dimpled surface textures and subsidiary fractures with curved striae. The interaction of pseudopillow fracture systems and columnar jointing in the entablature produces the chevron fracture patterns that are commonly observed in entablature. Cube-jointing is a more densely fractured version of entablature, which likely forms when more coolant enters the hot lava. The entablature tiers display closely spaced striae and dendritic crystal shapes which indicate rapid cooling. Master fracture surfaces show a thin band with an evolved composition at the fracture surface; mineral textures in this band also show evidence of quenching of this material. This is interpreted as gas-driven filter pressing of late-stage residual melt that is drawn into an area of low pressure immediately preceding or during master fracture formation by ductile extensional fracture of hot, partially crystallised lava. This melt is then quenched by an influx of water and/or steam when the master fracture fully opens. Our findings suggest that master fractures are the main conduit for coolant entering the lava flow during entablature formation.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Susanne Schwenzer and Andy Tindle for help with the electron microprobe, John Watson for help with XRF analyses, and Andy Wilson for assistance with drafting figures. AESF was supported by a NERC PhD studentship and The Open University, and HT is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. Many thanks to Atilla Aydin and an anonymous reviewer for their comments which have improved this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Bucks, MK7 6AA, UK

    A. E. S. Forbes & S. Blake

  2. Chemostrat Australia, 12/33 Delawney Street, Balcatta, WA6021, Perth, Australia

    A. E. S. Forbes

  3. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK

    H. Tuffen

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  1. A. E. S. Forbes
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  2. S. Blake
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  3. H. Tuffen
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Correspondence to A. E. S. Forbes.

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Editorial responsibility: M. Manga

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Forbes, A.E.S., Blake, S. & Tuffen, H. Entablature: fracture types and mechanisms. Bull Volcanol 76, 820 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-014-0820-z

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