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Caldera resurgence during magma replenishment and rejuvenation at Valles and Lake City calderas

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Abstract

A key question in volcanology is the driving mechanisms of resurgence at active, recently active, and ancient calderas. Valles caldera in New Mexico and Lake City caldera in Colorado are well-studied resurgent structures which provide three crucial clues for understanding the resurgence process. (1) Within the limits of 40Ar/39Ar dating techniques, resurgence and hydrothermal alteration at both calderas occurred very quickly after the caldera-forming eruptions (tens of thousands of years or less). (2) Immediately before and during resurgence, dacite magma was intruded and/or erupted into each system; this magma is chemically distinct from rhyolite magma which was resident in each system. (3) At least 1 km of structural uplift occurred along regional and subsidence faults which were closely associated with shallow intrusions or lava domes of dacite magma. These observations demonstrate that resurgence at these two volcanoes is temporally linked to caldera subsidence, with the upward migration of dacite magma as the driver of resurgence. Recharge of dacite magma occurs as a response to loss of lithostatic load during the caldera-forming eruption. Flow of dacite into the shallow magmatic system is facilitated by regional fault systems which provide pathways for magma ascent. Once the dacite enters the system, it is able to heat, remobilize, and mingle with residual crystal-rich rhyolite remaining in the shallow magma chamber. Dacite and remobilized rhyolite rise buoyantly to form laccoliths by lifting the chamber roof and producing surface resurgent uplift. The resurgent deformation caused by magma ascent fractures the chamber roof, increasing its structural permeability and allowing both rhyolite and dacite magmas to intrude and/or erupt together. This sequence of events also promotes the development of magmatic–hydrothermal systems and ore deposits. Injection of dacite magma into the shallow rhyolite magma chamber provides a source of heat and magmatic volatiles, while resurgent deformation and fracturing increase the permeability of the system. These changes allow magmatic volatiles to rise and meteoric fluids to percolate downward, favouring the development of hydrothermal convection cells which are driven by hot magma. The end result is a vigorous hydrothermal system which is driven by magma recharge.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ken Hon, Fraser Goff and Sandy Cruden for insightful discussions regarding caldera resurgence. Jim Cole graciously reviewed a near-final version of the manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers provided thoughtful comments which improved the paper. This work was funded by grants to JS from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Ben Kennedy

  2. Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2A7, Canada

    Jack Wilcock & John Stix

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Ben Kennedy, Jack Wilcock, and John Stix contributed equally to this paper.

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Kennedy, B., Wilcock, J. & Stix, J. Caldera resurgence during magma replenishment and rejuvenation at Valles and Lake City calderas. Bull Volcanol 74, 1833–1847 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0641-x

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