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Experimental constraints on the crystallization of natrocarbonatitic lava flows

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Abstract

Natrocarbonatitic magmas are characterized by their extremely low viscosities and fast elemental diffusion, and as a consequence of this, their chemistry and crystallinity can change significantly during residence in shallow reservoirs or even due to cooling during lava flow emplacement. Here, we present the results of a series of crystallization experiments conducted at 1-atm confining pressure and in a temperature range between 630°C and 300°C. The experiments were set up to characterize the chemistry and growth processes of the phenocryst phases present in natrocarbonatites. The results are applicable to (1) processes occurring during residence in shallow magma reservoirs and/or (2) during lava flow emplacement. We show that during crystallization of natrocarbonatites at atmospheric pressure, gregoryite is the first mineral to crystallize at 630°C, followed by nyerereite at 595°C. Crystal size distributions of the gregoryites show that the crystals grow rapidly by textural coarsening (i.e., Ostwald ripening). As the crystallization is a continuous process at this pressure, the composition of the residual melt changes in response to the crystallization. However, the experiments also show that individual crystals completely reequilibrate with the changes in melt composition in as little time as <11 min. We therefore conclude that crystallization and diffusion are extremely fast processes in the natrocarbonatitic system and that the measured chemical variations in phenocrysts from Oldoinyo Lengai can be explained by different cooling histories. Finally, we model the rheological control on the emplacement of highly crystallized natrocarbonatitic lavas at Oldoinyo Lengai.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Peter Ulmer, Eric Reusser, Matthieu Kervyn, and Jörg Keller for many interesting discussions on various topics of carbonatite volcanism. The careful reviews of Bruce Kjarsgaard, Dougal Jerram, and Anatoly Zaitsev are gratefully appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Mineralogy and Petrology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Clausiusstrasse 25, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland

    Hannes B. Mattsson & Luca Caricchi

  2. CNRS-Orleans, UMR 6113 CNRS—Universite d’Orleans, 1A rue de la Ferollerie, 45071, Orleans Cedex, France

    Luca Caricchi

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  1. Hannes B. Mattsson
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  2. Luca Caricchi
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Correspondence to Hannes B. Mattsson.

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Editorial responsibility: D. Dingwell

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Mattsson, H.B., Caricchi, L. Experimental constraints on the crystallization of natrocarbonatitic lava flows. Bull Volcanol 71, 1179–1193 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0288-4

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