Abstract
Two fundamentally different types of silicic volcanic rocks formed during the Cenozoic of the western Cordillera of the United States. Large volumes of dacite and rhyolite, mostly ignimbrites, erupted in the Oligocene in what is now the Great Basin and contrast with rhyolites erupted along the Snake River Plain during the Late Cenozoic. The Great Basin dacites and rhyolites are generally calc-alkaline, magnesian, oxidized, wet, cool (<850°C), Sr-and Al-rich, and Fe-poor. These silicic rocks are interpreted to have been derived from mafic parent magmas generated by dehydration of oceanic lithosphere and melting in the mantle wedge above a subduction zone. Plagioclase fractionation was minimized by the high water fugacity and oxide precipitation was enhanced by high oxygen fugacity. This resulted in the formation of Si-, Al-, and Sr-rich differentiates with low Fe/Mg ratios, relatively low temperatures, and declining densities. Magma mixing, large proportions of crustal assimilation, and polybaric crystal fractionation were all important processes in generating this Oligocene suite. In contrast, most of the rhyolites of the Snake River Plain are alkaline to calc-alkaline, ferroan, reduced, dry, hot (830–1,050°C), Sr-and Al-poor, and Nb-and Fe-rich. They are part of a distinctly bimodal sequence with tholeiitic basalt. These characteristics were largely imposed by their derivation from parental basalt (with low fH2O and low fO2) which formed by partial melting in or above a mantle plume. The differences in intensive parameters caused early precipitation of plagioclase and retarded crystallization of Fe–Ti oxides. Fractionation led to higher density magmas and mid-crustal entrapment. Renewed intrusion of mafic magma caused partial melting of the intrusive complex. Varying degrees of partial melting, fractionation, and minor assimilation of older crust led to the array of rhyolite compositions. Only very small volumes of distinctive rhyolite were derived by fractional crystallization of Fe-rich intermediate magmas like those of the Craters of the Moon-Cedar Butte trend.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson L, Morrison J (2005) Ilmenite, magnetite, and peraluminous Mesoproterozoic anorogenic granites of Laurentia and Baltica. Lithos 80:45–60, DOI 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.05.008
Armstrong RL, Leeman WP, Malde HE (1975) K–Ar dating, quaternary and Neogene volcanic rocks of the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Am J Sci 275:225–251
Barr DL (1993) Time, space, and composition patterns of middle Cenozoic mafic to intermediate composition lava flows of the Great Basin, western USA. MS thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
Best MG, Christiansen EH (1991) Limited extension during peak tertiary volcanism, Great Basin of Nevada and Utah. J Geophys Res 96:13509–13528
Best MG, Christiansen EH (2001) Igneous petrology. Blackwell, Malden, MA
Best MG, Christiansen EH, Blank HR (1989) Oligocene caldera complex and calc-alkaline tuffs and lavas of the Indian Peak volcanic field, Nevada and Utah. Geol Soc Amer Bull 101:1076–1090
Best MG, Scott RB, Rowley PD, Swadley WC, Anderson RE, Grommé CS, Harding AE, Deino AL, Christiansen EH, Tingey DG, Sullivan KR (1993) Oligocene–Miocene caldera complexes, ash-flow sheets, and tectonism in the central and southeastern Great Basin. In: Lahren, MM, Trexler, JH, Jr (eds) Crustal evolution of the Great Basin and the Sierra Nevada. Geological Society of America Field Trip Guidebook, pp. 285–312
Bindeman IN, Valley JW (2001) Low-delta 18O rhyolites from Yellowstone; magmatic evolution based on analyses of zircons and individual phenocrysts. J Petrol 42:1491–1517
Bonin B (2005) A-type granites: Definitions, facts and speculations. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2005, Moscow, Idaho
Bonnichsen B (1982) Rhyolite lava flows in the Bruneau-Jarbidge eruptive center, southwestern Idaho. In: Bonnichsen B, Breckenridge RM (eds) Cenozoic geology of Idaho: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geol Bull 26:282–320
Bonnichsen B, Citron GP (1982) The Cougar Point Tuff, southwestern Idaho and vicinity. In Bonnichsen B, Breckenridge RM (eds) Cenozoic Geology of Idaho: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geol Bull 26:255–282
Bonnichsen B, Leeman WP, Honjo N, McIntosh WC, Godchaux MM (2007) Miocene silicic volcanism in southwestern Idaho: geochronology, geochemistry, and evolution of the central Snake River Plain. Bull Volcanol (in press).
Boroughs S, Wolff J, Bonnichsen B, Godchaux M, Larson P (2005) Large volume, low-18O rhyolites of the central Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA. Geology 33:821–824
Carmichael ISE (1991) The redox states of basic and silicic magmas: a reflection of their source regions? Contrib Mineral Petrol 106:129–141
Cathey HE, Nash BP (2004) The Cougar Point Tuff: implications for thermochemical zonation and longevity of high-temperature, large-volume silicic magmas of the Miocene Yellowstone hotspot. J Petrol 45:27–58
Champion DE, Lanphere MA, Anderson SR, Kuntz MA (2002) Accumulation and subsidence of the Pleistocene basaltic lava flows of the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho. In: Link PK, Mink LL (eds) Geology, hydrogeology, and environmental remediation. Geol Soc Am Special Paper, vol. 353. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, pp. 175–192
Christiansen RL (2001) The Quaternary and PlioceneYellowstone Plateau volcanic field of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, Geology of Yellowstone National Park. US Geol Surv Professional Paper 729
Christiansen EH (2005a) Miocene magmatic transition in the northern Basin and Range province, western United States. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2005, Moscow, Idaho
Christiansen EH (2005b) Contrasting processes in silicic magma chambers: Evidence from very large volume ignimbrites. Geol Mag 142:669–681
Christiansen EH, Hurst M (2004) Vent geology of low-shield volcanoes from the central Snake River Plain, Idaho. Lessons for Mars and the Moon: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXV, http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/
Christiansen EH, Burt DM, Sheridan MF (1986) The geology of topaz rhyolites from the western United States. Geol Soc Am Special Paper 205:82
Christiansen RL, Foulger GE, Evans JR (2002) Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone Hotspot. Geol Soc Amer Bull 114:1245–1256
Chuang FC, McKee EH, Howard KA (2003) Hydrogeologic Factors that Influence Ground Water Movement in the Desert Southwest United States. US Geol Surv Open-File Report 38
Collins WJ, Beams SD, White AJR, Chappell BA (1982) Nature and origin of A-type granites with particular reference to southeastern Australia. Contrib Mineral Petrol 80:189–200
DePaolo DJ, Perry FV, Baldridge WS (1992) Crustal versus mantle sources of granitic magmas; a two-parameter model based on Nd isotopic studies. Geol Soc Am Special Paper 272:439–446
Ekren EG, McIntyre DH, Bennet EH (1984) High temperature, large volume, lavalike ash-flow tuffs without calderas in southwestern Idaho. US Geol Surv Professional Paper 1272:73
Ewart A (1979) A review of the mineralogy and chemistry of Tertiary-Recent dacitic, latitic, rhyolitic, and related salic volcanic rocks. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 13–121
Ewart A, Marsh JS, Milner SC, Duncan AR, Kamber BS, Armstrong RA (2004) Petrology and geochemistry of Early Cretaceous bimodal continental flood volcanism of the NW Etendeka, Namibia; Part 1, Introduction, mafic lavas and re-evaluation of mantle source components. J Petrol 45:59–105
Frindt S, Haapala I, Pakkanen L (2004) Anorogenic Gross Spitzkoppe granite stock in central western Namibia; Part I, Petrology and geochemistry. Am Mineral 89:841–856
Frost CD, Frost BR (1997) Reduced rapakivi-type granites: the tholeiite connection. Geology 25:647–650
Frost BR, Barnes CG, Collins WJ, Arculus RJ, Ellis DJ, Frost CD (2001) A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. J Petrol 42:2033–2048
Gill JB (1981) Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Greeley R (1982) The Snake River Plain, Idaho: representative of a new category of volcanism. J Geophys Res 87:2705–2712
Hart GL (1997) An oxygen isotope investigation of the Indian Peak Volcanic Field, southern Utah–Nevada: magma source constraints for a late Oligocene caldera system. MS thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
Hildreth W (1981) Gradients in silicic magma chamber; implications for lithospheric magmatism. J Geophys Res 86:10153–10192
Hildreth W, Halliday AN, Christiansen RL (1991) Isotopic and chemical evidence concerning the genesis and contamination of basaltic and rhyolitic magma beneath the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field. J Petrol 32:63–137
Honjo N (1990) Geology and stratigraphy of the Mount Bennett Hills, and the origin of west-central Snake River Plain rhyolites. PhD thesis, Rice University, Houston, TX
Honjo N, Leeman WP (1987) Origin of hybrid ferrolatite lavas from Magic Reservoir eruptive center, Snake River plain, Idaho. Contrib Mineral Petrol 96:163–177
Honjo N, Bonnichsen B, Leeman WP, Stormer Jr JC (1992) Mineralogy and geothermometry of high-temperature rhyolites from the central and western Snake River plain. Bull Volcanol 54:220–237
Hughes SS, McCurry M (2002) Bulk major and trace element evidence for a time-space evolution of Snake river Plain rhyolites, Idaho. In: Bonnichsen B, White CM, McCurry M (eds) Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Snake River Plain volcanic province, vol. 30. Idaho Geological Survey Bulletin, pp. 161–176
Kellogg KS, Harlan SS, Mehnert HH, Snee LW, Pierce KL, Hackett WR, Rodgers DW (1994) Major 10.2-Ma rhyolitic volcanism in the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho; isotopic age and stratigraphic setting of the Arbon Valley Tuff Member of the Starlight Formation. US Geological Survey Bulletin, vol. 2091
Keppler H (1996) Constraints from partitioning experiments on the composition of subduction zone fluids. Nature 380:237–240
King PB, Beikman HM (1974) Geologic map of the United States (exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii). US Geological Survey, 1/250,000
King PL, Chappell BW, Allen CM, White AJR (2001) Are A-type granites the high-temperature felsic granites? Evidence from fractionated granites of the Wangrah Suite. Aust J Earth Sci 48:501–514
Leeman WP (1982) Rhyolites of the Snake River plain-Yellowstone Plateau Province, Idaho and Wyoming; a summary of petrogenetic models. In: Bonnichsen B, Breckenridge RM (eds) Cenozoic Geology of Idaho: Bull Idaho Bureau Mines Geol 26:203–212
Leeman WP, Vitaliano CJ (1976) Petrology of McKinney Basalt, Snake River Plain, Idaho. Geol Soc Amer Bull 87:1777–1792
Leeman WP, Vitaliano CJ, Prinz M (1976) Evolved lavas from the Snake River plain; craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho. Contrib Mineral Petrol 56:35–60
Leeman WP, Menzies MA, Matty DJ, Embree GF (1985) Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopic compositions of deep crustal xenoliths from the Snake River Plain: Evidence for Archean basement. Earth Planet Sci Lett 75:354–368
Mabey DR (1978) Regional gravity and magnetic anomalies in the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho. J Res US Geol Surv 6:553–562
Manduca CA, Kuntz MA, Silver LT (1993) Emplacement and deformation history of the western margin of the Idaho Batholith near McCall, Idaho; influence of a major terrane boundary. Geol Soc Amer Bull 105:749–765
Manley CR, McIntosh WC (2002) The Juniper Mountain Volcanic Center, Owyhee County, southwestern Idaho: age relations and physical volcanology. In: Bonnichsen B, White CM, McCurry M. (eds) Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Snake River Plain Volcanic Province. Idaho Geological Survey Bull 30:205–227
Marrett R, Emerman SH (1992) The relations between faulting and mafic magmatism in the Altiplano-Puna plateau (central Andes). Earth Planet Sci Lett 112:53–59
Maughan L, Christiansen EH, Best MG, Gromme CS, Deino AL, Tingey DG (2001) The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 113:129–157
McCurry M, Hackett WR, Hayden K (1999) Cedar Butte and cogenetic Quaternary rhyolite domes of the eastern Snake River Plain. In: Hughes SS, Thackray GD (eds) Guidebook to the geology of eastern Idaho. Idaho Museum of Natural History, pp 169–179
McCurry M, Hayden K, Morse L (2007) Genesis of post-hotspot A-type rhyolite of the Eastern Snake River Plain volcanic province by extreme fractional crystallization of olivine tholeiite basalt: Bull Volcanol (in press)
McDonough WF, Sun SS (1995) The composition of the earth. Chem Geol 120:223–253
Miyashiro A (1974) Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins. Am J Sci 274:321–355
Morgan WJ (1972) Plate motions and deep mantle convection. Mem Geol Soc Amer 132:7–22
Nash BP, Perkins ME, Christensen JN, Lee D, Halliday AN (2006) The Yellowstone hotspot in space and time: Nd and Hf isotopes in silicic magmas. Earth Planet Sci Lett 247:143–156
Nelson ST, Harris RA, Dorais MJ, Heizler M, Constenius KN, Barnett DE (2002) Basement complexes in the Wasatch Fault, Utah, provide new limits on crustal accretion. Geology 309:831–834
Nielsen PJ (1992) Petrology of the Oligocene Shingle Pass Tuff in the Northern Basin and Range, Nevada: evolution of a dry, deduced magma system. MS thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
Nusbaum RL (1990) Evidence for magma hybridization for the voluminous 29.5 Ma Wah Wah Springs Formation, Utah and Nevada, U.S.A. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 40:245–256
Patiño Douce AE (1997) Generation of metaluminous A-type granites by low-pressure melting of calc-alkaline granitoids. Geology 25:743–746
Pearce JA, Harris NB, Tindle AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J Petrol 25:956–983
Peng X, Humphreys ED (1998) Crustal velocity structure across the eastern Snake River plain and the Yellowstone Swell. J Geophys Res 103:7171–7186
Perkins ME, Nash WP (2002) Explosive silicic volcanism of the Yellowstone Hotspot; the ash fall tuff record. Geol Soc Amer Bull 114:367–381
Perkins ME, Brown FH, Nash WP, McIntosh W, Williams SK (1998) Sequence, age, and source of silicic fallout tuffs in middle to late Miocene basins of the northern Basin and Range Province. Geol Soc Amer Bull 110:344–360
Phillips LV (1989) The petrology and magmatic evolution of the large-volume ash-flow tuffs of the central Nevada caldera complex, Nye County, Nevada. PhD thesis, University of Georgia, Athens
Pierce KL, Morgan LA (1992) The track of the Yellowstone hot spot; volcanism, faulting, and uplift. In: Link PK, Kuntz MA, Platt LB (eds) Regional geology of eastern Idaho and western Wyoming. Mem Geol Soc Amer 179:1–53
Putirka KD, Mikaelian H, Ryerson F, Shaw H (2003) New clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometers for mafic, evolved, and volatile-bearing lava composition, with applications to lavas from Tibet and the Snake River plain, Idaho. Am Mineral 88:1542–1554
Radke LE, Best MG, Christiansen EH (1992) Petrology and temporal evolution of the rhyolite ash-flow tuffs of the 35.4 Ma Stone Cabin Formation, central Nevada. Eos Trans AGU 73:623
Rämö OT, Haapala I (1995) One hundred years of rapakivi granite. Mineral Petrol 52:29–185
Rapp RP, Watson EB (1995) Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8–32 kbar; implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. J Petrol 36:891–931
Ross KT, Christiansen EH, Best MG, Dorais MJ, Tingey DG (2002) Petrology and emplacement of the Cottonwood Wash Tuff. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 34(3):9
Rudnick RL, Fountain DM (1995) Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crust perspective. Rev Geophys 33:267–309
Smith RB (2004) The Yellowstone Hotspot; plume or plum. Abstracts with Programs Geol Soc Am 36:96
Smith RB, Braile LW (1994) The Yellowstone hotspot. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 61:121–187
Spear DB (1979) The geology and volcanic history of the Big Southern Butte-East Butte area, eastern Snake River plain, Idaho. PhD thesis, State University of New York, Buffalo
Sparlin MA, Braile LW, Smith RB (1982) Crustal structure of the eastern snake River Plain determined from ray trace modeling of seismic refraction data. J Geophys Res 87:2619–2633
Spulber SD, Rutherford MJ (1983) The origin of rhyolite and plagiogranite in oceanic crust; an experimental study. J Petrol 24:1–25
Stout MZ, Nicholls J (1977) Mineralogy and petrology of Quaternary lavas from the Snake River plain, Idaho. Can J Earth Sci 14:2140–2156
Stout MZ, Nicholls J, Kuntz MA (1994) Petrological and mineralogical variations in 2500–2000 yr B.P. lava flows, craters of the moon lava field, Idaho. J Petrol 35:1681–1715
Streck MJ, Grunder AL (2007) Phenocryst-poor rhyolites of bimodal, tholeiitic provinces: the Rattlesnake Tuff and implications for mush extraction models. Bull Volcanol (in press)
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Cambridge
Thompson RN (1975) Primary basalts and magma genesis; II, Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA. Contrib Mineral Petrol 52:213–232
Watson EB, Harrison TM (1983) Zircon saturation revisited; temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth Planet Sci Lett 64:295–304
Whitaker ML, Nekvasil H, Lindsley DH (2007) Can crystallization of olivine tholeiite give rise to potassic rhyolites? An experimental investigation. Bull Volcanol (in press)
Wolf MB, Wyllie PJ (1995) Liquid segregation parameters from amphibolite dehydration melting experiments. J Geophys Res 100:15,611–15,621
Wolf DE, Leeman WP, Vervoort JD (2005) U–Pb zircon geochronology of crustal xenoliths confirms presence of Archean basement beneath the central and eastern Snake River plain. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 37:60
Wright KE, McCurry M, Hughes SS (2002) Petrology and geochemistry of the Miocene Tuff of McMullen Creek, central Snake River Plain, Idaho, In: Bonnichsen B, White CM, McCurry M (eds) Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Snake River Plain volcanic province. Idaho Geol Surv Bull 30:177–194
Yuan H, Dueker K (2005) Teleseismic P-wave tomogram of the Yellowstone plume. Geophys Res Lett 32: L07304. DOI 10.1029/2004GL022056
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for collaboration with many people especially Myron Best and Scott Hughes. Reviews by Carol Frost and Michael Dorais were very helpful. This research has been funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Park Service.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This paper constitutes part of a special issue dedicated to Bill Bonnichsen on the petrogenesis and volcanology of anorogenic rhyolites.
Editorial responsibility: W Leeman
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Christiansen, E.H., McCurry, M. Contrasting origins of Cenozoic silicic volcanic rocks from the western Cordillera of the United States. Bull Volcanol 70, 251–267 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0138-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0138-1