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Chronology and products of the 2000 eruption of Miyakejima Volcano, Japan

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Abstract

Lateral migration of magma away from Miyakejima volcanic island, Japan, generated summit subsidence, associated with summit explosions in the summer of 2000. An earthquake swarm beneath Miyakejima began on the evening of 26 June 2000, followed by a submarine eruption the next morning. Strong seismic activity continued under the sea from beneath the coast of Miyakejima to a few tens of kilometers northwest of the island. Summit eruptive event began with subsidence of the summit on 8 July and both explosions and subsidence continued intermittently through July and August. The most intense eruptive event occurred on 18 August and was vulcanian to subplinian in type. Ash lofted into the stratosphere fell over the entire island, and abundant volcanic bombs were erupted at this time. Another large explosion took place on 29 August. This generated a low-temperature pyroclastic surge, which covered a residential area on the northern coast of the island. The total volume of tephra erupted was 9.3×106 m3 (DRE), much smaller than the volume of the resulting caldera (6×108 m3). Migration of magma away from Miyakejima was associated with crustal extension northwest of Miyakejima and coincident shrinkage of Miyakejima Island itself during July–August 2000. This magma migration probably caused stoping of roof rock into the magma reservoir, generating subsurface cavities filled with hydrothermal fluid and/or magmatic foam and formation of a caldera (Oyama Caldera) at the summit. Interaction of hydrothermal fluid with ascending magma drove a series of phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptions. It is likely that new magma was supplied to the reservoir from the bottom during waning stage of magma’s migration, resulting in explosive discharge on 18 August. The 18 August event and phreatic explosions on 29 August produced a conduit system that allowed abundant SO2 emission (as high as 460 kg s−1) after the major eruptive events were over. At the time of writing, inhabitants of the island (about 3,000) have been evacuated from Miyakejima for more than 3 years.

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Acknowledgements

The field inspection was supported by M. Ohno, T. Akimasa, T. Shimano, M. Yoshimoto, N. Geshi, I. Miyagi, H. Kawanabe, J. Ito, K. Mannen, K. Itoh, S. Tamura, JMA, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo Fire Department, Metropolitan Police Department, Japan Coast Guard, and so on. Discussions with T. Fujii, A .Yasuda, K. Uto, H. Watanabe, T. Kagiyama, J. Oikawa, and M. Furuya were very helpful in preparing this summary. An early version of the manuscript was reviewed by T. Wright. Critical review by C. Newhall and T. Druitt were very useful. A part of the expense for this research was defrayed from a Grant-in-Aid from MEXT to S.N. (no. 12304033; 16340166)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan

    S. Nakada, M. Nagai & T. Kaneko

  2. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan

    A. Nozawa & K. Suzuki-Kamata

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  1. S. Nakada
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  2. M. Nagai
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  3. T. Kaneko
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  4. A. Nozawa
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  5. K. Suzuki-Kamata
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Correspondence to S. Nakada.

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Editorial responsibility: S Nakada, T Druitt

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Nakada, S., Nagai, M., Kaneko, T. et al. Chronology and products of the 2000 eruption of Miyakejima Volcano, Japan. Bull Volcanol 67, 205–218 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0404-4

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