Abstract
Alternative stable state theory predicts that different disturbance regimes may support contrasting ecosystem states under otherwise analogous environmental conditions. In fire-prone systems, this theory is often invoked to explain abrupt ecotones, especially when adjacent vegetation types have contrasting flammabilities and differing tolerances to pyric perturbation. Despite being well-documented in forest-savanna transitions, unambiguous examples of fire-driven alternate stable states (FDASS) in arid systems are rare. The current study examined whether flammable spinifex (Triodia spp.) grasslands and fire-sensitive waputi (Aluta maisonneuvei subsp. maisonneuvei) shrublands in Australia’s Gibson Desert represent FDASS. Specifically, analyses of soil and topographic variables assessed whether environmental differences explain habitat zonation. To determine whether different flammabilities of Aluta and Triodia systems may perpetuate alternative states via vegetation-fire feedback processes, community-level fuelloads were quantified to provide an indirect measure of flammability. To determine the propensity for fire to trigger ‘state-shifting’, community responses to a single high-severity fire were evaluated. Habitat segregation did not relate to between-site environmental differences, and the fuel-load study indicated that the more pyrophytic community (Triodia grassland) is more flammable, and hence more likely to experience higher frequency fire-cycles. Fire was identified as a potential vector of ‘state-change’, because although both systems regenerated well after fire, Triodia reproduced more prolifically at a younger age than Aluta, and hence should tolerate shorter fire-return intervals. In the absence of between-community topographic and edaphic differences, or herbivores that consume either plant, it is likely that Aluta shrublands and Triodia grasslands represent fire-mediated alternative equilibrium states.
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Acknowledgements
Josephine Nangala is thanked for allowing the use of facilities at Nyinmi outstation during the field work components of this research. Josephine Nangala, Jimmy Tjampitjimpa Brown, Ray Tjangala James, Mantuwa Nangala, and other traditional owners of the Kiwirrkurra IPA are thanked for giving permission to conduct research in the Kiwirrkurra IPA. Kate Crossing from Central Desert Native Title Services is thanked for facilitating access to various field sites. Brian Hawkins and Joe Harding provided the use of a vehicle for field work during the 2015 Bush Blitz scientific expedition to the IPA. Jim Charley is thanked for providing materials and assistance in the processing of soil samples. Jeremy Bruhl of the NCW Beadle Herbarium, University of New England, is thanked for providing access to laboratory facilities. Grant Williamson from the University of Tasmania provided analytical advice during the fuel load study. Photos in Fig. 1(a) and (c) are courtesy of Olivier Halin and Wendo Kroon respectively. Jeremy Bruhl, Ian Telford and Wal Whalley provided constructive feedback during the writing of the manuscript.
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Communicated by Katherine L. Gross.
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Wright, B.R. Evidence that shrublands and hummock grasslands are fire-mediated alternative stable states in the Australian Gibson Desert. Oecologia 188, 525–535 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4215-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4215-2