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Invasive plant architecture alters trophic interactions by changing predator abundance and behavior

  • Plant-Animal Interactions - Original Paper
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Abstract

As primary producers, plants are known to influence higher trophic interactions by initiating food chains. However, as architects, plants may bypass consumers to directly affect predators with important but underappreciated trophic ramifications. Invasion of western North American grasslands by the perennial forb, spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), has fundamentally altered the architecture of native grassland vegetation. Here, I use long-term monitoring, observational studies, and field experiments to document how changes in vegetation architecture have affected native web spider populations and predation rates. Native spiders that use vegetation as web substrates were collectively 38 times more abundant in C. maculosa-invaded grasslands than in uninvaded grasslands. This increase in spider abundance was accompanied by a large shift in web spider community structure, driven primarily by the strong response of Dictyna spiders to C. maculosa invasion. Dictyna densities were 46–74 times higher in C. maculosa-invaded than native grasslands, a pattern that persisted over 6 years of monitoring. C. maculosa also altered Dictyna web building behavior and foraging success. Dictyna webs on C. maculosa were 2.9–4.0 times larger and generated 2.0–2.3 times higher total prey captures than webs on Achillea millefolium, their primary native substrate. Dictyna webs on C. maculosa also captured 4.2 times more large prey items, which are crucial for reproduction. As a result, Dictyna were nearly twice as likely to reproduce on C. maculosa substrates compared to native substrates. The overall outcome of C. maculosa invasion and its transformative effects on vegetation architecture on Dictyna density and web building behavior were to increase Dictyna predation on invertebrate prey ≥89 fold. These results indicate that invasive plants that change the architecture of native vegetation can substantially impact native food webs via nontraditional plant → predator → consumer linkages.

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Acknowledgments

I thank R. Fletcher, R. Callaway, T. Martin, J. Maron, Y. Ortega, L. Ruggiero, M. Schwartz, and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. R. King advised on statistical analysis. Spiders were identified by P. Cushing and J. Slowik, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO. C. Crowder, R. Jensen, S. Sears, and J. Smith assisted in data collection. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0236061) and Bitterroot Ecosystem Management Research Project, USDA Forest Service. This research was conduced in compliance with United States laws.

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  1. Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 800 E. Beckwith Ave., Missoula, MT, 59801, USA

    Dean E. Pearson

  2. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA

    Dean E. Pearson

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  1. Dean E. Pearson
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Correspondence to Dean E. Pearson.

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Communicated by Sven Bacher.

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Pearson, D.E. Invasive plant architecture alters trophic interactions by changing predator abundance and behavior. Oecologia 159, 549–558 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1241-5

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