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Carbon balance of conifer seedlings at timberline: relative changes in uptake, storage, and utilization

  • Physiological Ecology - Original Paper
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Abstract

Low rates of growth for conifers at high elevations may relate to problems in acquiring or utilizing carbon. A traditional hypothesis for growth limits of trees at alpine treeline is that low photosynthesis (A) leads to insufficient supply of carbon for growth. Alternatively, the sink-limitation hypothesis questions the importance of low A, and suggests that trees at treeline have abundant carbon for growth as a result of greater decreases in carbon use [respiration (R) and growth] than A at higher elevations. Concentrations of carbon intermediates (e.g., nonstructural carbohydrates, NSC) have been used to support the sink-limitation hypothesis, with the assumption that NSC reflects the ratio of carbon source to sinks. Our objective was to determine elevation effects on carbon balance (whole-plant uptake, storage, and efflux of carbon) of tree seedlings during their critical establishment phase at timberline. Changes in A and R (of whole crowns), NSC (starches and simple sugars), and growth were measured in seedlings of a treeline (Abies lasiocarpa) and nontreeline species (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Seedlings were outplanted at the lower (2,450 m) and upper (3,000 m) edges of the timberline zone in the Rocky Mountains, USA. At the upper compared with lower elevation, both species had 10–20% less root and needle growth, 13–15% less A, 35–39% less R, and up to 50% greater NSC. A. lasiocarpa allocated more biomass to needles and had greater A but less NSC than P. menziesii. The greater effects of elevation on R compared with A led to a 1.3-fold increase in A:R at the upper elevation, and a corresponding increase in starch (r 2 = 0.42)—a pattern consistent with the predictions of the sink-limitation hypothesis. Nevertheless, A and dry mass gain were positively correlated (r 2 = 0.42), indicating that variation in photosynthesis was related to growth of seedlings at timberline.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the Inland Northwest Research Alliance, seeds were provided by the USDA Forest Service, and logistical support was provided by Grand Targhee Ski Resort management, in particular Grant Fleming and Andy Steele. Ken Rodnick and Günter Hoch provided technical assistance with the NSC protocol. Ernest Keeley and Terry Peterson provided statistical consulting. John D. Marshall, Terry Bowyer, editors and anonymous reviewers gave helpful comments on presentation. Colleen Grenz assisted in the field. The experiments conducted in this study comply with the current laws of the USA.

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  1. Department of Biology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA

    S. Bansal & M. J. Germino

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  1. S. Bansal
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  2. M. J. Germino
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Correspondence to M. J. Germino.

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Communicated by Kouki Hikosaka.

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Bansal, S., Germino, M.J. Carbon balance of conifer seedlings at timberline: relative changes in uptake, storage, and utilization. Oecologia 158, 217–227 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1145-4

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