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Survival of male Tengmalm’s owls increases with cover of old forest in their territory

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Abstract

The loss and fragmentation of forest habitats have been considered to pose a worldwide threat to the viability of forest-dwelling animals, especially to species that occupy old forests. We investigated whether the annual survival of sedentary male Tengmalm’s owls Aegolius funereus was associated with the cover of old coniferous forests in Finland. Survival and recapture probabilities varied annually with density changes in populations of the main prey (Microtus voles). When this variation was controlled for, and relationships between survival and proportions of the three different forest age classes (old-growth, middle-aged, and young) were modeled separately, the old-growth model was the most parsimonious. Survival increased with the cover of old forest, although the extent of old forest within owl territories was relatively small (mean ∼12%, range 2–37%). This association, however, varied among years and appeared especially in years of increasing vole abundance. At such times, old forests may sustain high populations of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus, shrews and small passerines. In addition, old forests may serve as refuges against large avian predator species, such as Ural owls Strix uralensis and goshawks Accipiter gentilis. Our results suggest that changes in habitat quality created by agriculture and forestry may have the potential to reduce adult survival, an essential component of fitness and population viability.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Mikko Hast, Timo Hyrsky and Mikko Hänninen for help in trapping adult owls, and Prof. Charles Francis for comments on the manuscript. The study was supported by the Academy of Finland (to H. H., E. K. and T. L.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland

    Harri Hakkarainen, Erkki Korpimäki, Toni Laaksonen & Petri Suorsa

  2. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NI00-KNAW), Post Office Box 40, 6666 ZG, Heteren, The Netherlands

    Toni Laaksonen

  3. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research station, P.O. Box 16, 96301, Rovaniemi, Finland

    Ari Nikula

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  1. Harri Hakkarainen
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  2. Erkki Korpimäki
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Correspondence to Harri Hakkarainen.

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Communicated by Markku Orell.

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Hakkarainen, H., Korpimäki, E., Laaksonen, T. et al. Survival of male Tengmalm’s owls increases with cover of old forest in their territory. Oecologia 155, 479–486 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0929-2

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