Abstract
Current theories of plant-herbivore interactions suggest that plants may differ in palatability to herbivores as a function of abiotic stress; however, studies of these theories have produced mixed results. We compared the palatability of eight common salt marsh plants that occur across elevational and salinity stress gradients to six common leaf-chewing herbivores to determine patterns of plant palatability. The palatability of every plant species varied across gradients of abiotic stress in at least one comparison, and over half of the comparisons indicated significant differences in palatability. The direction of the preferences, however, was dependent on the plant and herbivore species studied, suggesting that different types of stress affect plants in different ways, that different plant species respond differently to stress, and that different herbivore species measure plant quality in different ways. Overall, 51% of the variation in the strength of the feeding preferences could be explained by a knowledge of the strength of the stress gradient and the type of gradient, plant and herbivore studied. This suggests that the prospects are good for a more complex, conditional theory of plant stress and herbivore feeding preferences that is based on a mechanistic understanding of plant physiology and the factors underlying herbivore feeding preferences.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bertness M, Wilker K, Chatkupt T (1992) Flood tolerance and the distribution of Iva frutescens across New England salt marshes. Oecologia 91:171–178
Bowdish T, Stiling P (1998) The influence of salt and nitrogen on herbivore abundance: direct and indirect effects. Oecologia 113:400–405
Buchsbaum R, Valiela I, Swain T (1984) The role of phenolic compounds and other plant constituents in feeding by Canada geese in a coastal marsh. Oecologia 63:343–349
Chapman VJ (1960) Salt marshes and salt deserts of the world. Leonard Hill, London
Cobb NS, Mopper S, Gehring CA, Caouette M, Christensen KM, Whitham TG (1997) Increased moth herbivory associated with environmental stress of pinyon pine at local and regional levels. Oecologia 109:389–397
Cronin G, Hay ME (1996) Susceptibility to herbivores depends on recent history of both the plant and animal. Ecology 77:1531–1543
De Bruyn L, Scheirs J, Verhagen R (2002) Nutrient stress, host plant quality and herbivore performance of a leaf-mining fly on grass. Oecologia 130:594–599
Denno R, Douglass L, Jacobs D (1986) Effects of crowding and host plant nutrition on a wing-dimorphic planthopper. Ecology 67:116–123
Drake BG (1989) Photosynthesis of salt marsh species. Aquat Bot 34:167–180
Faria ML, Fernandes GW (2001) Vigour of a dioecious shrub and attack by a galling herbivore. Ecol Entomol 26:37–45
Fernandes GW (1998) Hypersensitivity as a phenotypic basis of plant induced resistance against a galling insect (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Environ Entomol 27:260–267
Flowers TJ, Troke PF, Yeo AR (1977) The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 28:89–121
Flowers TJ, Hajibagheri MA, Clipson NWJ (1986) Halophytes. Q Rev Biol 61:313–337
Forkner RE, Hunter MD (2000) What goes up must come down? Nutrient addition and predation pressure on oak herbivores. Ecology 81:1588–1600
Hacker SD, Bertness MD (1995) Morphological and physiological consequences of a positive plant interaction. Ecology 76:2165–2175
Hemminga MA, van Soelen J (1988) Estuarine gradients and the growth and development of Agapanthia villosoviridescens, (Coleoptera), a stem-borer of the salt marsh halophyte Aster tripolium. Oecologia 77:307–312
Holopainen JK (2002) Aphid response to elevated ozone and CO2. Entomol Exp Appl 104:137–142
Howard R, Mendelssohn I (1999) Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh plants: species variation in stress tolerance. Am J Bot 86:785–794
Howes BL, Goehringer DD (1994) Pore-water drainage and dissolved organic carbon and nutrient losses through the intertidal creekbanks of a New England salt marsh. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 114:289–301
Howes BL, Howarth RW, Teal JM, Valiela I (1981) Oxidation-reduction potentials in a salt marsh: spatial patterns and interactions with primary production. Limnol Oceanogr 26:350–360
Koricheva J, Larsson S, Haukiojo E (1998) Insect performance on experimentally stressed woody plants: a meta-analysis. Annu Rev Entomol 43:195–216
Levine J, Hacker S, Harley C, Bertness M (1998) Nitrogen effects on an interaction chain in a salt marsh community. Oecologia 117:266–272
Mausbach MJ, Richardson JL (1994) Biogeochemical processes in hydric soil formation. Curr Top Wetl Biogeochem 1:68–127
Mendelssohn IA, Morris JT (2000) Eco-physiological controls on the productivity of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. In: Weinstein MP, Kreeger DA (eds) Concepts and controversies in tidal marsh ecology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 59–80
Moon D, Stiling P (2000) Relative importance of abiotically induced direct and indirect effects on a salt marsh herbivore. Ecology 81:470–481
Moon D, Stiling P (2002) The effects of salinity and nutrients, on a tritrophic salt-marsh system. Ecology 83:2465–2476
Paine TD, Redak RA, Trumble JT (1993) Impact of acidic deposition on Encelia farinosa gray (Compositae, Asteraceae) and feeding preferences of Trirhabda geminata horn (Coleoptera, Chrysomeelidae). J Chem Ecol 19:97–105
Pennings SC, Bertness MD (1999) Using latitudinal variation to examine effects of climate on coastal salt marsh pattern and process. Curr Top Wetl Biogeochem 3:100–111
Pennings SC, Bertness MD (2001) Salt marsh communities. In: Bertness MD, Hay ME, Gaines SD (eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass., pp 289–316
Pennings SC, Carefoot T, Siska E, Chase M, Page T (1998) Feeding preferences of a generalist salt marsh crab: relative importance of multiple plant traits. Ecology 79:1968–1979
Pennings SC, Siska EL, Bertness MD (2001) Latitudinal differences in plant palatability in Atlantic coast salt marshes. Ecology 82:1344–1359
Pezeshki SR (1997) Photosynthesis and root growth in Spartina alterniflora in relation to root zone aeration. Photosynthetica 34:107–114
Poljakoff-Mayber A (1975) Morphological and anatomical changes in plants as a response to salinity stress. In: Poljakoff-Mayber A, Gale J (eds) Plants in saline environments. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 97–117
Ponnamperuma FN (1972) The chemistry of submerged soils. Adv Agron 24:29–95
Price PW (1988) Inversely density-dependent parasitism: the role of plant refuges for hosts. J Anim Ecol 57:89–96
Price PW (1991) The plant vigor hypothesis and herbivore attack. Oikos 62:244–251
Price PW, Roininen H, Tahvanainen J (1987) Why does the bud galling sawfly, Euura mucronata, attack long shoots? Oecologia 74:1–6
Renaud PE, Hay ME, Schmitt TM (1990) Interactions of plant stress and herbivory: intraspecific variation in the susceptibility of a palatable versus an unpalatable seaweed to sea urchin grazing. Oecologia 82:217–226
Richards CL, Pennings SC, Donovan LA (in press) Habitat range and phenotypic variation in salt marsh plants. Plant Ecol
Rozema J, Bijwaard P, Prast G, Broekman R (1985) Ecophysiological adaptations of coastal halophytes from foredunes and salt marshes. Vegetatio 62:499–521
Silliman BR, Bertness MD (2002) Atrophic cascade regulates salt marsh primary production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (16):10500–10505
Valiela I, Teal JM, Deuser WG (1978) The nature of growth forms in the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. Am Nat 112:461–470
Waring GL, Cobb NS (1992) The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics. In: Price PW, Lewinsohn TM, Fernandes GW, Benson WW (eds) Plant-animal interactions. Wiley, New York, pp 167–227
White TCR (1974) A hypothesis to explain outbreaks of looper caterpillars, with special reference to populations of Selidosema suavis in plantation of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Oecologia 16:279–301
White TCR (1984) The abundance of invertebrate herbivores in relation to the availability of nitrogen in stressed food plants. Oecologia 63:90–105
Acknowledgements
We thank Mia Dixon and Tracy Buck for help in the laboratory and field, and Brian Silliman, Erin Siska and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. We thank the University of Georgia Marine Institute Intern Program (Goranson), the Environmental Institute of Houston, and NSF (GCE-LTER program, OCE99–82133) for funding. This is contribution no. 935 from the University of Georgia Marine Institute.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goranson, C.E., Ho, CK. & Pennings, S.C. Environmental gradients and herbivore feeding preferences in coastal salt marshes. Oecologia 140, 591–600 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1615-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1615-2