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TBX3, the gene mutated in ulnar-mammary syndrome, promotes growth of mammary epithelial cells via repression of p19ARF, independently of p53

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Abstract

TBX3, the gene mutated in ulnar-mammary syndrome (UMS), is involved in the production of a transcription factor of the T-box family, known to inhibit transcription from the p14ARF (p19ARF in mouse) promoter in fibroblasts and to contribute to cell immortalization. One of the main features of the UMS phenotype is the severe hypoplasia of the breast, associated with haploinsufficiency of the TBX3 gene product. In mice homozygous for the targeted disruption of Tbx3, the mammary glands (MGs) are nearly absent from early stages of embryogenesis, whereas in heterozygous adults, the MGs show reduced ductal branching. All these data strongly suggest a specific role of TBX3 in promoting the growth of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), although direct evidence of this is lacking. Here, we provide data showing the growth-promoting function of Tbx3 in several models of MECs, in association with its ability to repress the ARF promoter. However, no effect of Tbx3 on cell differentiation or apoptosis has been observed. The growth promoting function also entails the down-regulation of p21CIP1/WAF and an increase in cyclin D1 but is independent of p53 and Mdm2 cell-cycle regulatory proteins, as p53-null MECs show similar growth responses associated with the up- or down-regulation of Tbx3. This is the first direct evidence that the level of Tbx3 expression positively controls the proliferation of MECs via pathways alternative to Mdm2-p53.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. M. Lingbeek (The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam) and Drs. P. Hurlin and S. Ota (Shriners Hospitals, Portland, USA) for the generous gift of plasmids and to Dr. N. Hynes (Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland) and Dr. D. Medina (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA) for the HC11 and NulliB cells. We thank Dr. S. Mantero (Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milano), Dr. E. Erba (Mario Negri Institute, Milano) and Dr. S. Carrabino (Cystic Fibrosis Institute, Milano) for technical assistance.

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  1. Dulbecco Telethon Institute/CNR-ITB, Via F.lli Cervi 93 Segrate, Milano, 20090, Italy

    Natalia Platonova, Polina Babich, Vasco Meneghini, Aliana Egeo & Giorgio R. Merlo

  2. Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche CNR, Via F.lli Cervi 93 Segrate, Milano, 20090, Italy

    Maddalena Scotti, Gloria Bertoli, Elena Mento & Ileana Zucchi

  3. Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Polina Babich

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  1. Natalia Platonova
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  2. Maddalena Scotti
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  9. Giorgio R. Merlo
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Correspondence to Giorgio R. Merlo.

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G.R.M. is a recipient of a Career Award from Fondazione Telethon, Italy (S99003) and is supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (10-RB18), Fondazione Cariplo (S00083FCRA), Fondazione SanPaolo (99003CSPC) and Istituto Superiore di Sanità. N.P. is in receipt of a NATO-CNR Advanced Fellowship (N215-36S). I.Z. is supported by AIRC Italy (N. 115), Fondazione Cariplo (2003/1656), Italy-USA Project on Cancer Pharmacogenomics (N. 527/B-B7) and Italian Ministry of University and Research-FIRB Internazionale (RBIN04CBSM_000). The work of I.Z. and G.R.M. is also financed by a grant from Fondazione Telethon (GGP04247).

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Platonova, N., Scotti, M., Babich, P. et al. TBX3, the gene mutated in ulnar-mammary syndrome, promotes growth of mammary epithelial cells via repression of p19ARF, independently of p53. Cell Tissue Res 328, 301–316 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0364-4

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