Abstract
Raver1, a ubiquitously expressed protein, was originally identified as a ligand for metavinculin, the muscle-specific isoform of the microfilament-associated protein vinculin. The protein resides primarily in the nucleus, where it colocalises and may interact with polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein, which is involved in alternative splicing processes. During skeletal muscle differentiation, raver1 translocates to the cytoplasm and eventually targets the Z-line of sarcomeres. Here, it colocalises with metavinculin, vinculin and alpha-actinin, all of which have biochemically been identified as raver1 ligands. To obtain more information about the potential role of raver1 in muscle structure and function, we have investigated its distribution and fine localisation in mouse striated and smooth muscle, by using three monoclonal antibodies that recognise epitopes in different regions of the raver1 protein. Our immunofluorescence and immunoelectron-microscopic results indicate that the cytoplasmic accumulation of raver1 is not confined to skeletal muscle but also occurs in heart and smooth muscle. Unlike vinculin and metavinculin, cytoplasmic raver1 is not restricted to costameres but additionally represents an integral part of the sarcomere. In isolated myofibrils and in ultrathin sections of skeletal muscle, raver1 has been found concentrated at the I-Z-I band. A minor fraction of raver1 is present in the nuclei of all three types of muscle. These data indicate that, during muscle differentiation, raver1 might link gene expression with structural functions of the contractile machinery of muscle.
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Acknowledgments
We thank R. Frank for providing us with the raver1 spot-synthesized peptides (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig) and Tania Messerschmidt (TU Braunschweig) for technical assistance. We gratefully acknowledge permission from B. Kleinhenz and H.H. Arnold (TU Braunschweig) to quote their unpublished results and the assistance of V. Oliveri and U. Sauder (Biozentrum, Basel) with sample preparation for electron microscopy.
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This work was supported by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation and the M.E. Müller Foundation (to C.A.S.) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (to S.I. and B.M.J.) and from the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (to B.M.J.). A.Z. was the recipient of a G. Lichtenberg fellowship, within an International Graduate College funded by the State of Lower Saxony, Germany.
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Zieseniss, A., Schroeder, U., Buchmeier, S. et al. Raver1 is an integral component of muscle contractile elements. Cell Tissue Res 327, 583–594 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0322-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0322-1