Abstract
To elucidate the role of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and enterocytes in the defense mechanism of the small intestine, we designed experiments to stimulate the IEL by anti-CD3ε, anti-TCRαβ, or anti-TCRγδ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and to examine the subsequent changes to the enterocytes. The enterocytes of the duodenum and jejunum, but not of the ileum, showed massive DNA fragmentation 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD3 mAb. These responses were also induced by anti-TCRγδ mAb, but not by anti-TCRαβ mAb, and were completely inhibited by cyclosporin A. Nearly half of the enterocytes of the villi in the duodenum and jejunum were exfoliated into the lumen 4 h after the injection of the mAb. Administration of anti-CD3 mAb also induced DNA fragmentation in Fas-deficient MRL/lpr mice, indicating that the Fas-Fas ligand system was not involved in these events. The anti-CD3 mAb treatment also induced massive DNA fragmentation in the intestinal epithelium of the duodenum and jejunum in TNF-receptor-1-deficient mice, whereas TNF-α induced only the detachment of intestinal epithelium of wild-type mice, implying the dissociation of two independent factors and/or mechanisms for DNA fragmentation and the subsequent epithelial cell detachment in the murine duodenum and jejunum. The mAb failed to exfoliate the epithelium in TNF-R1-deficient mice. Thus, TCRγδ+ IEL, when treated with anti-CD3 or anti-TCRγδ mAbs, induced rapid DNA fragmentation and subsequent detachment of the duodenal and jejunal epithelia, but not in the ileum (“the silent ileum”), partly because of the paucity of TCRγδ+ IELs in the ileum.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arai T, Kida Y, Harmon BV, Gobe GC (1996) Expression and localization of clusterin mRNA in the small and large intestine of the irradiated rat: its relationship with apoptosis. Int J Radiat Biol 69:547–553
Asarnow DM, Kuziel WA, Bonyhadi M, Tigelaar RE, Tucker PW, Allison JP (1988) Limited diversity of γδ antigen receptor genes of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells. Cell 55:837–847
Baker MB, Altman NH, Podack ER, Levy RB (1996) The role of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute GVHD after MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice. J Exp Med 183:2645–2656
Beagley KW, Fujihashi K, Lagoo AS, Lagoo-Deenadaylan S, Black CA, Murray AM, Sharmanov AT, Yamamoto M, McGhee JR, Elson CO, Kiyono H (1995) Differences in intraepithelial lymphocyte T cell subsets isolated from murine small versus large intestine. J Immunol 154:5611–5619
Corazza N, Muller S, Brunner T, Kagi D, Mueller C (2000) Differential contribution of Fas- and perforin-mediated mechanisms to the cell-mediated cytotoxic activity of naive and in vivo-primed intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Immunol 164:398–403
Garside P, Bunce C, Tomlinson RC, Nichols BL, Mowat AM (1993) Analysis of enteropathy induced by tumour necrosis factor alpha. Cytokine 5:24–30
Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA (1992) Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol 119:493–501
Greenstein RJ (1993) Age, as well as cell turnover kinetics, regulates brain/gut repair. Mech Ageing Dev 69:219–231
Guy-Grand D, DiSanto JP, Henchoz P, Malassis-Seris M, Vassalli P (1998) Small bowel enteropathy: role of intraepithelial lymphocytes and of cytokines (IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF) in the induction of epithelial cell death and renewal. Eur J Immunol 28:730–744
Haas W, Pereira P, Tonegawa S (1993) Gamma/delta cells. Annu Rev Immunol 11:637–685
Hall PA, Coates PJ, Ansari B, Hopwood D (1994) Regulation of cell number in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: the importance of apoptosis. J Cell Sci 107:3569–3577
Hayday AC (2000) Gamma/delta cells: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection. Annu Rev Immunol 18:975–1026
Hayday A, Theodoridis E, Ramsburg E, Shires J (2001) Intraepithelial lymphocytes: exploring the Third Way in immunology. Nat Immunol 2:997–1003
Hermiston ML, Gordon JI (1995) In vivo analysis of cadherin function in the mouse intestinal epithelium: essential roles in adhesion, maintenance of differentiation, and regulation of programmed cell death. J Cell Biol 129:489–506
Holt PR, Kotler DP, Pascal RR (1983) A simple method for determining epithelial cell turnover in small intestine. Studies in young and aging rat gut. Gastroenterology 84:69–74
Itohara S, Farr AG, Lafaille JJ, Bonneville M, Takagaki Y, Haas W, Tonegawa S (1990) Homing of a γδ thymocyte subset with homogeneous T-cell receptors to mucosal epithelia. Nature 343:754–757
Kearsey JA, Stadnyk AW (1996) Isolation and characterization of highly purified rat intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 194:35–48
Lefrancois L (1991) Extrathymic differentiation of intraepithelial lymphocytes: generation of a separate and unequal T-cell repertoire? Immunol Today 12:436–438
Lin T, Brunner T, Tietz B, Madsen J, Bonfoco E, Reaves M, Huflejt M, Green DR (1998) Fas ligand-mediated killing by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Participation in intestinal graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 101:570–577
Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ (2001) The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104:487–501
MacDonald TT, Spencer J (1988) Evidence that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in human small intestine. J Exp Med 167:1341–1349
Meresse B, Dubucquoi S, Tourvieille B, Desreumaux P, Colombel JF, Dessaint JP (2001) CD28+ intraepithelial lymphocytes with long telomeres are recruited within the inflamed ileal mucosa in Crohn disease. Hum Immunol 62:694–700
Merger M, Viney JL, Borojevic R, Steele-Norwood D, Zhou P, Clark DA, Riddell R, Maric R, Podack ER, Croitoru K (2002) Defining the roles of perforin, Fas/FasL, and tumour necrosis factor alpha in T cell induced mucosal damage in the mouse intestine. Gut 51:155–63
Nakamura M, Yagi H, Kayaba S, Ishii T, Ohtsu S, Gotoh T, Itoh T (1995) Most thymocytes die in the absence of DNA fragmentation. Arch Histol Cytol 58:249–256
Nanno M, Matsumoto S, Koike R, Miyasaka M, Kawaguchi M, Masuda T, Miyawaki S, Cai Z, Shimamura T, Fujiura Y, Ishikawa H (1994) Development of intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes is independent of Peyer’s patches and lymph nodes in aly mutant mice. J Immunol 153:2014–2020
Pfeffer K, Matsuyama T, Kundig TM, Wakeham A, Kishihara K, Shahinian A, Wiegmann K, Ohashi PS, Kronke M, Mak TW (1993) Mice deficient for the 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor are resistant to endotoxic shock, yet succumb to L. monocytogenes infection. Cell 73:457–467
Piguet PF, Vesin C, Guo J, Donati Y, Barazzone C (1998) TNF-induced enterocyte apoptosis in mice is mediated by the TNF receptor 1 and does not require p53. Eur J Immunol 28:3499–3505
Piguet PF, Vesin C, Donati Y, Barazzone C (1999) TNF-induced enterocyte apoptosis and detachment in mice: induction of caspases and prevention by a caspase inhibitor, ZVAD-fmk. Lab Invest 79:495–500
Roberts SJ, Smith AL, West AB, Findly RC, Owen MJ, Hayday AC (1996) T-cell αβ+ and γδ+ deficient mice display abnormal but distinct phenotypes toward a natural, widespread infection of the intestinal epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11774–11779
Rocha B, Vassalli P, Guy-Grand D (1994) Thymic and extrathymic origins of gut intraepithelial lymphocyte populations in mice. J Exp Med 180:681–686
Ruemmele FM, Russo P, Beaulieu J, Dionne S, Levy E, Lentze MJ, Seidman EG (1999) Susceptibility to FAS-induced apoptosis in human nontumoral enterocytes: role of costimulatory factors. J Cell Physiol 181:45–54
Sakai T, Ohara-Inagaki K, Tsuzuki T, Yoshikai Y (1995) Host intestinal intraepithelial γδ T lymphocytes present during acute graft-versus-host disease in mice may contribute to the development of enteropathy. Eur J Immunol 25:87–91
Satoh M, Yamazaki M (1992) Tumor necrosis factor stimulates DNA synthesis of mouse hepatocytes in primary culture and is suppressed by transforming growth factor beta and interleukin 6. J Cell Physiol 150:134–139
Schmitz H, Fromm M, Bentzel CJ, Scholz P, Detjen K, Mankertz J, Bode H, Epple HJ, Riecken EO, Schulzke JD (1999) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) regulates the epithelial barrier in the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6. J Cell Sci 112:137–146
Schreiber SL, Crabtree GR (1992) The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol Today 13:136–142
Shiohara T, Moriya N, Hayakawa J, Arahari K, Yagita H, Nagashima M, Ishikawa H (1993) Bone marrow-derived dendritic epidermal T cells express T cell receptor-αβ/CD3 and CD8. Evidence for their extrathymic maturation. J Immunol 150:4323–4330
Strater J, Wellisch I, Riedl S, Walczak H, Koretz K, Tandara A, Krammer PH, Moller P (1997) CD95 (APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis in colon epithelial cells: a possible role in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 113:160–167
Suda T, Okazaki T, Naito Y, Yokota T, Arai N, Ozaki S, Nakao K, Nagata S (1995) Expression of the Fas ligand in cells of T cell lineage. J Immunol 154:3806–3813
Suzuki H, Jeong KI, Okutani T, Doi K (2000a) Regional variations in the distribution of small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in three inbred strains of mice. J Vet Med Sci 62:881–887
Suzuki H, Jeong KI, Okutani T, Doi K (2000b) Regional variations in the number and subsets of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the mouse small intestine. Comp Med 50:39–42
Suzuki H, Jeong KI, Doi K (2001a) Regional variations in the distribution of small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in alymphoplasia (aly/aly) mice and heterozygous (aly/+) mice. Immunol Invest 30:303–312
Suzuki H, Jeong KI, Doi K (2001b) Regional variations in the distributions of small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in BALB/c +/+, nu/+, and nu/nu mice. Comp Med 51:127–133
Suzuki H, Jeong K 2nd, Doi K (2002a) Age-related changes in the regional variations in the number and subsets of intraepithelial lymphocytes in mouse small intestine. Dev Comp Immunol 26:589–595
Suzuki H, Jeong KI, Itoh K, Doi K (2002b) Regional variations in the distributions of small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in germ-free and specific pathogen-free mice. Exp Mol Pathol 72:230–235
Suzuki M, Suzuki Y, Ikeda H, Koike M, Nomura M, Tamura J, Sato S, Hotta Y, Itoh G (1994) Apoptosis of murine large intestine in acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation across minor histocompatibility barriers. Transplantation 57:1284–1287
Takahashi I, Nakagawa I, Kiyono H, McGhee JR, Clements JD, Hamada S (1995) Mucosal T cells induce systemic anergy for oral tolerance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 206:414–420
Tamura A, Soga H, Yaguchi K, Yamagishi M, Toyota T, Sato J, Oka Y, Itoh T (2003) Distribution of two types of lymphocytes (intraepithelial and lamina-propria-associated) in the murine small intestine. Cell Tissue Res 313:47–53
Van Houten N, Blake SF (1996) Direct measurement of anergy of antigen-specific T cells following oral tolerance induction. J Immunol 157:1337–1341
Wang J, Klein JR (1994) Thymus-neuroendocrine interactions in extrathymic T cell development. Science 265:1860–1862
Wolff CH, Hong SC, von Grafenstein H, Janeway CAJ (1993) TCR-CD4 and TCR-TCR interactions as distinctive mechanisms for the induction of increased intracellular calcium in T-cell signalling. J Immunol 151:1337–1345
Zajicek G (1986) The application of kinematic equations for the study of cell turnover. J Theor Biol 120:141–149
Acknowledgements
We express our deepest gratitude to Dr. R. Suzuki, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Company, for his encouragement and helpful discussions throughout the study. We greatly appreciate the expert technical assistance of Mr. M. Ito and Mr. Y. Suzuki. We also thank Ms. J. Shoji and Ms. K. Omori for their secretarial assistance, and Mr. D. Arakawa for reviewing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
K. Yaguchi and S. Kayaba contributed equally to this work
This work was in part supported by a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan (07407066, 10470002, and 13670002 to T.I., and 10770001 to H.S.), and by The Funds for Comprehensive Research on Long Term Chronic Diseases from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan (to T.I.)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yaguchi, K., Kayaba, S., Soga, H. et al. DNA fragmentation and detachment of enterocytes induced by anti-CD3 mAb-activated intraepithelial lymphocytes. Cell Tissue Res 315, 71–84 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-003-0795-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-003-0795-0