Abstract
The latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein 3 (LTBP3), encoding extracellular matrix proteins, plays a role in skeletal formation. Mutations in LTBP3 have been associated with various types of skeletal dysplasia. We aimed to characterize clinical and molecular features of more patients with mutations in the gene, which may help suggest genotype–phenotype correlation. The first two East Asian patients with short stature, heart defects, and orodental anomalies having LTBP3 mutations were identified. Whole exome and Sanger sequencing revealed that the one with a novel heterozygous missense (c.2017G>T, p.Gly673Cys) mutation in LTBP3 had clinical features consistent with acromicric dysplasia (ACMICD). The variant was located in the highly conserved EGF-like calcium-binding domain adjacent to the single reported LTBP3 variant associated with ACMICD. This finding supports that LTBP3 is a disease gene for ACMICD. Another patient with a novel homozygous splice site acceptor (c.1721-2A>G) mutation in LTBP3 was affected with dental anomalies and short stature (DASS). Previously undescribed orodental features included multiple unerupted teeth, high-arched palate, and microstomia found in our patient with ACMICD, and extensive dental infection, condensing osteitis, and deviated alveolar bone formation in our patient with DASS. Our results and comprehensive reviews suggest a genotype–phenotype correlation: biallelic loss-of-function mutations cause DASS, monoallelic missense gain-of-function mutations in the EGF-like domain cause ACMICD, and monoallelic missense gain-of-function mutations with more drastic effects on the protein functions cause geleophysic dysplasia (GPHYSD3). In summary, we expand the phenotypic and genotypic spectra of LTBP3-related disorders, support that LTBP3 is a disease gene for ACMICD, and propose the genotype–phenotype correlation of LTBP3 mutations.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Thailand Research Fund (RSA6280001, DPG6180001), Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (DRF62003), the Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement Into Its Second Century Project, and the Newton Fund. NI is supported by Ratchadapisek Somphot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University. ST is supported by the 100th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University Fund for Doctoral Scholarship and the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund). We thank Mr. Trakarn Sookthonglarng and Mr Yuttupong Kunchanapruek for blood collection.
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NI contributed to conception, data analysis, and drafting the manuscript; TT, ST, KS contributed to data analysis and critical revision of the manuscript; VS and TP contributed to data acquisition and analysis, drafting and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors gave final approval and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
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Narin Intarak declares that he has no conflict of interest. Thanakorn Theerapanon declares that he has no conflict of interest, Sermporn Thaweesapphithak declares that he has no conflict of interest. Kanya Suphapeetiporn declares that she has no conflict of interest. Thantrira Porntaveetus declares that she has no conflict of interest. Vorasuk Shotelersuk declares that he has no conflict of interest.
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Intarak, N., Theerapanon, T., Thaweesapphithak, S. et al. Genotype–phenotype correlation and expansion of orodental anomalies in LTBP3-related disorders. Mol Genet Genomics 294, 773–787 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01547-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01547-x