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The starch-bound alpha-amylase/trypsin-inhibitors in Avena

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Abstract

Oat kernels exhibit an extra-soft texture, a trait recently demonstrated to be largely modulated by starch-bound tryptophan-rich 2S proteins, the vromindolines. In this study, fractionation by two-dimensional electrophoresis of starch-bound proteins in 25 oat (Avena sativa) cultivars and 11 diploid or tetraploid Avena species revealed novel 2S proteins called Avena α-amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (AATI) because of their sequence similarity with wheat α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors. Thirty-seven AATI polypeptides, about 14 kDa in size, were split into three families named AATI-1, AATI-2, and AATI-3 with different primary structures and isoelectric points. AATI-1 and AATI-2 proteins showed 55.5–60.0 % sequence similarity with wheat α-amylase inhibitors CM1, CM2, and CM16, which have been found to cause innate immunity responses in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Diploid A-genome and tetraploid AC-genome oat species possess three and five genes encoding for the AATI proteins, respectively, whereas hexaploid A. sativa exhibits 12 genes dispersed over the A-, C-, and D-genomes. Some AATI proteins expressed in hexaploid oats were assigned to the A-genome based on similarity to their counterparts in diploid species, contributing to further clarify the genetic origin of hexaploid oats. Moreover, AATI may interact with starch-bound vromindolines in determining the extra-soft texture of oat kernels and, due to their balanced amino acid compositions, may contribute to the biological value of oat proteins in a positive manner.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to dedicate this article to their beloved colleague and friend Norberto, in memory of his passion for the genetics of cereals.

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Author notes

  1. Arianna Latini

    Present address: ENEA Research Center Casaccia, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA-QCE), Via Manziana 30, 00189, Rome, Italy

    Laura Gazza, Gloria Gazzelloni, Federica Taddei, Arianna Latini, Salvatore Conti & Norberto E. Pogna

  2. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria 6, Catania, Italy

    Vera Muccilli

  3. Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA-MAC), Via Stezzano 24, Bergamo, Italy

    Michela Alfieri & Rita Redaelli

Authors
  1. Laura Gazza
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  2. Gloria Gazzelloni
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  3. Federica Taddei
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  4. Arianna Latini
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  5. Vera Muccilli
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  6. Michela Alfieri
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  7. Salvatore Conti
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  8. Rita Redaelli
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  9. Norberto E. Pogna
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura Gazza.

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Funding

This study was partly funded by the VROTECH project (grant number DM 19177-7303-08) by Ministry of Agriculture, food, and forestry (Mipaaf, Italy) to Norberto E. Pogna.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Communicated by S. Hohmann.

N. E. Pogna Deceased 22 June 2016.

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Gazza, L., Gazzelloni, G., Taddei, F. et al. The starch-bound alpha-amylase/trypsin-inhibitors in Avena . Mol Genet Genomics 291, 2043–2054 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-016-1238-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-016-1238-4

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