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Eukaryotic complex I: functional diversity and experimental systems to unravel the assembly process

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Abstract

With more than 40 subunits, one FMN co-factor and eight FeS clusters, complex I or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase is the largest multimeric respiratory enzyme in the mitochondria. In this review, we focus on the diversity of eukaryotic complex I. We describe the additional activities that have been reported to be associated with mitochondrial complex I and discuss their physiological significance. The recent identification of complex I-like enzymes in the hydrogenosome, a mitochondria-derived organelle is also discussed here. Complex I assembly in the mitochondrial inner membrane is an intricate process that requires the cooperation of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The most prevalent forms of mitochondrial dysfunction in humans are deficiencies in complex I and remarkably, the molecular basis for 60% of complex I-linked defects is currently unknown. This suggests that mutations in yet-to-be-discovered assembly genes should exist. We review the different experimental systems for the study of complex I assembly. To our knowledge, in none of them, large screenings of complex I mutants have been performed. We propose that the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a promising system for such a study. Complex I mutants can be easily scored on a phenotypical basis and a large number of transformants generated by insertional mutagenesis can be screened, which opens the possibility to find new genes involved in the assembly of the enzyme. Moreover, mitochondrial transformation, a recent technological advance, is now available, allowing the manipulation of all five complex I mitochondrial genes in this organism.

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Notes

  1. nqo for NADH:quinone oxido-reductase and nuo for NADH:ubiquinone oxido-reductase.

  2. Complex I typically contains eight FeS clusters (referred to as N1a, N3, N1b, N4, N5, N6a, N6b, N2). An additional FeS cluster (N7) was found in four bacterial species including Escherichia coli and T. thermophilus but is not evolutionary conserved (Ohnishi 1998; Sazanov 2007).

  3. Seven ND subunits are encoded in the mammalian mitochondrial genome and nine ND subunits are encoded in the mitochondria of vascular plants. The mitochondrial genomes of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the protist Reclinomonas americana encode for 5 and 12 ND subunits, respectively.

  4. Hence the terminology of dark-minus or dark-dier phenotype for complex III or complex IV mutants.

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Acknowledgments

Research projects in the authors’ laboratories are funded by a United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation research grant (P. H. and C. R.), grants 2.4582.05 and 1.5.255.08 from FNRS, Fonds Spéciaux pour la Recherche Universitaire (C. R.), and the College of Biological Sciences, the College of Medical and Public Health, and the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Institute at The Ohio State University (P. H.). P. H. also wishes to acknowledge the Institute of Mitochondrial Biology at The Ohio State University for intellectual support. C. R. was supported by a sabbatical grant from FNRS during her stay at Ohio State University (Summer 2006 and 2007). P. C. is a postdoctoral researcher from FNRS. The authors wish to thank Dr. Brett H. Graham for sharing unpublished results, Dr. Birgit Alber, Dr. Yeong-Reen Chen and Sara Cline for critical reading of the manuscript.

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  1. Genetics of Microorganisms Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium

    Claire Remacle & Pierre Cardol

  2. Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 500 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    M. Rosario Barbieri & Patrice P. Hamel

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  1. Claire Remacle
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  2. M. Rosario Barbieri
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Correspondence to Claire Remacle or Patrice P. Hamel.

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Remacle, C., Barbieri, M.R., Cardol, P. et al. Eukaryotic complex I: functional diversity and experimental systems to unravel the assembly process. Mol Genet Genomics 280, 93–110 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-008-0350-5

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