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Review on medicinal plants and natural compounds as anti-Onchocerca agents

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Abstract

Onchocerciasis is a filarial vector borne disease which affects several million people mostly in Africa. The therapeutic approach of its control was based on a succession of drugs which always showed limits. The last one: ivermectin is not the least. It was shown to be only microfilaricidal and induced resistance to the human parasite Onchocerca volvulus. The approach using medicinal plants used in traditional medicine is a possible alternative method to cure onchocerciasis. Onchocerca ochengi and Onchocerca gutturosa are the parasite models used to assess anthelmintic activity of potentially anthelmintic plants. Numerous studies assessed the in vitro and/or in vivo anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants. Online electronic databases were consulted to gather publications on in vitro and in vivo studies of anti-Onchocerca activity of plants from 1990 to 2017. Globally, 13 plant families were investigated for anti-Onchocerca activity in 13 studies. The most active species were Anacardium occidentale, Euphorbia hirta and Acacia nilotica each with an LC50 value of 2.76, 6.25 and 1.2 μg/mL, respectively. Polycarpol, voacamine, voacangine, ellagic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, 3-O-acetyl aleuritolic acid and (−)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate were the isolated plant compounds with anti-Onchocerca activity. Most of the assessed extract/compounds showed a good safety after in vivo acute toxicity assays and/or in vitro cytotoxicity test. The exception was the ethanol extract of Trichilia emetica, which killed completely and drastically mice at a dose of 3000 mg/kg. Several plant groups of compounds were shown active against Onchocerca sp. such as tannins, alkaloids, triterpenoids and essential oils. Nevertheless, none of the active compounds was subjected to clinical trial, to assessment of its diffusibility through nodular wall or its capability to induce genetic resistance of Onchocerca sp.

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Funding

This research was supported by: the fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) to DN. We acknowledge the financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant LI 793/5-1 to the Cameroonian-German Cooperation Project (CGCP).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

    Dieudonné Ndjonka & Boursou Djafsia

  2. Saint Jerome School of Health Sciences, Saint Jerome Catholic University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

    Boursou Djafsia

  3. University of Münster, Institute for Zoophysiology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany

    Eva Liebau

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  1. Dieudonné Ndjonka
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  2. Boursou Djafsia
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  3. Eva Liebau
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Correspondence to Dieudonné Ndjonka.

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Ndjonka, D., Djafsia, B. & Liebau, E. Review on medicinal plants and natural compounds as anti-Onchocerca agents. Parasitol Res 117, 2697–2713 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6003-7

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