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Biology of Alaria spp. and human exposition risk to Alaria mesocercariae—a review

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Abstract

Recent incidental background findings of Alaria alata mesocercariae [“Distomum muscularis suis,” Duncker, 1896] in meat of wild boars during official Trichinella inspection initiated a re-assessment of the potential human health risk as posed by this parasite. The present review of the literature on Alaria biology shows that the human exposition risk should no longer be accepted to be negligible, as it demonstrates a general lack of knowledge in relevant areas of Alaria biology confounding any risk analysis. Sound risk assessment needs future studies which should concentrate on the most pressing questions of (1) the optimization and/or development of methods for reliable Alaria mesocercariae detection, (2) the distribution of the mesocercariae within their paratenic hosts, i.e., identification of potential predilection sites, particularly in wild boars, and (3) their prevalence in sylvatic populations of animals with respect to their introduction into the human food chain. Further, the degree and possibly also the species specificity of Alaria mesocercariae tenacity within the paratenic hosts and respective meat as pertaining to food technological treatments need to be elucidated. While these questions remain unanswered, it is an incontrovertible fact that Alaria mesocercariae have a potentially high human pathogenicity by both occupational and alimentary exposition.

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Acknowledgement

We gratefully acknowledge the funding of parts of this work by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV, Germany).

For their valuable technical assistance in the present study, we would like to thank Lia Kieker, Heiko Wellner, Lutz Gumpert, Carolin Gladis, and TÄ Katrin Zetzsche. Further, we would like to express our gratitude for helpful scientific input made by Dr. Walentina Holthaus, Dr. Viktor Dyachenko, Dr. Ronald Schmäschke, and in particular Dr. Karsten Nöckler.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

    Katharina Möhl, Ahmad Hamedy & Ernst Lücker

  2. Stadt Brandenburg an der Havel Gesundheits-, Veterinär- und Lebensmittelüberwachungsamt, Klosterstraße 14, 14770 Brandenburg an, der Havel, Germany

    Knut Große & Tanja Wüste

  3. Landkreis Uckermark, Gesundheits- und Veterinäramt, Karl-Marx-Straße 1, 17291, Prenzlau, Germany

    Petra Kabelitz

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  1. Katharina Möhl
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  2. Knut Große
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Correspondence to Katharina Möhl or Ernst Lücker.

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Möhl, K., Große, K., Hamedy, A. et al. Biology of Alaria spp. and human exposition risk to Alaria mesocercariae—a review. Parasitol Res 105, 1–15 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1444-7

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