Abstract
Crude mature leaves extract of Day Jasmine, Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae: Solanales), was investigated for larvicidal activities against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of human filariasis. All the graded concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% v/v) showed significant (P < 0.05) larval mortality, and results of regression equations revealed that the mortality rates were positively correlated with the concentrations of the extract (R 2 close to 1). LC50, LC95, and LC99 values were calculated at different time intervals, and the lowest value was recorded at the 72-h bioassay for third-instar larvae. Significant changes in the larval mortality (F < 0.05) was also recorded between the periods of exposure and between instars during t test and single analysis of variance analysis. No mortality was noticed for nontarget organisms, such as Oreochromis niloticus niloticus and Chironomid larvae within 72 h of postexposure to 1%, 2%, and 3% crude plant extract under the laboratory condition. Qualitative and chromatographic analysis of the crude extract of C. diurnum revealed the presence of many bioactive phytochemicals. The bioassay experiment with the third-instar larval form established that the presence of a steroid compound (R f, 0.67) was responsible for mosquitocidal activity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265–266
Bhattacharjee I, Ghosh A, Chandra G (2005) Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cestrum diurnum (L.) (Solanales: Solanaceae). Afr J Biotechnol 4(4):371–374
Bowers WS (1992) Biorational approaches for insect control. Korean J Appl Entomol 31:289–303
Carvalho AFU, Melo AA, Craveiro MIL, Machado MB, Rabelo EFB (2003) Larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. against Aedes aegypti L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98:569–571
Cavalcanti ESB, Morais SM, Lima MAA, Santana EWP (2004) Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99:541–544
David JP, Rey D, Meyran JC, Marigo G (2000) Involvement of lignin like compounds in toxicity of dietary alder leaf litter against mosquito larvae. J Chem Ecol 27(1):161–174
Forget O (1989) Pesticides, necessary but dangerous poisons. IDRC Rep 18(3):7–13
Francois G, Looveren MV, Timperman G, Chimanuka B, Assi LA, Holenz J, Bringmann G (1996) Larvicidal activity of the naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid dioncophylline-A against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. J Ethnopharmacol 54(2–3):125–130
Ghosh A, Chandra G (2006) Biocontrol efficacy of Cestrum diurnum (L.) (Solanales: Solanaceae) against the larval forms of Anopheles stephensi. Nat Pro Res 20(4):371–379
Goulding R (1988) Accidental pesticide poisoning, the toll is high. World Health Forum no. 4. WHO, Geneva
Harborne JB (1984) Phytochemical methods, A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 49–188
Hostettmann K, Marston A (1995) Saponins (chemistry and pharmacology of natural products). University Press, Cambridge, p 132
Joseph CC, Ndoile MM, Malima RC, Nkunya MH (2004) Larvicidal and mosquitocidal extracts, a coumarin, isoflavonoids and pterocarpans from Neorautanenia mitis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98(8):451–455
Khanna VG, Kannabiran K (2007) Larvicidal effect of Hemidesmus indicus, Gymnema sylvestre, and Eclipta prostrata against Culex qinquifaciatus mosquito larvae. Afr J Biotechnol 3:307–311
Lee SE (2000) Mosquito larvicidal activity of pipernonaline, a piperidine alkaloid derived from long pepper, Piper longum. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 16:245–247
Marston A, Maillard M, Hostettmann K (1993) Search for antifungal, molluscicidal and larvicidal compounds from African medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 38(2–3):215–223
Mello JRB (2003) Calcinosis—calcinogenic plants. Toxicon 41(1):1–12
Pelah D, Abramovich Z, Markus A, Wiesman Z (2002) The use of commercial saponin from Quillaja saponaria bark as a natural larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. J Ethnopharmacol 81(2):407–409
Rajasekariah GR, Parab PB, Chandrashekar R, Deshpande L, Subrahmanyam D (1991) Pattern of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in young and adolescent school children in Bassein, India, an endemic area for lymphatic filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85(6):663–665
Rajkumar S, Jebanesan A (2005) Larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition effect of Centella asiatica Brahmi (Umbelliferae) against mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Afr J Biomed Res 8:31–33
Rao DR, Mani TR, Rajendran R, Joseph AS, Gjanana A, Reuben R (1995) Development of high level of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus in a field population of Culex quinquefasciatus from Kochi, India. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11:1–5
Schmutterer H (1995) The neem tree Azadirachta indica and other meliaceous plants. VCH, Weinneim Germany, p 696
Severini C, Rom R, Marinucci M, Rajmond M (1993) Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in field populations of Culex pipiens from Italy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 9:164–168
Shaalana EAS, Canyonb D, Younesc MWF, Abdel-Wahaba H, Mansoura AH (2005) A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ Int 31:1149–1166
Stahl E (1989) Thin layer chromatography—a laboratory handbook, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Sukumar K, Perich MJ, Boobar LR (1991) Botanical derivatives in mosquito control: a review. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7:210–237
Tripathi YC, Rathore M (2001) Role of lipids in natural defense and plant protection. Ind J Forestry 24(4):448–455
Udonsi JK (1986) The status of Human filariasis in relation to clinical signs in endemic areas of the Niger delta. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 8(4):423–425
Vatandoost H, Vaziri M (2001) Larvicidal activity of neem extract (Azadirachta indica) against mosquito larvae in Iran, 2000. Pestology 25(1):69–72
Wiesman Z, Chapagain BP (2005) Larvicidal effects of aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date) against the larvae of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Afr J Biotechnol 4(11):1351–1354
World Health Organization (1981) Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides. WHO/VBC/81.807. WHO, Geneva
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Dr. S. Laskar, Professor, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India, for his contribution in analysis and interpretation of data. Authors of this manuscript also declare that the experiments comply with the current laws of India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghosh, A., Chowdhury, N. & Chandra, G. Laboratory evaluation of a phytosteroid compound of mature leaves of Day Jasmine (Solanaceae: Solanales) against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and nontarget organisms. Parasitol Res 103, 271–277 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-0963-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-0963-y