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Muscle system in rediae and daughter sporocysts of several digeneans

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Abstract

Morphological studies on digenetic trematodes are quite numerous, but the large majority of researchers deal with the hermaphroditic generation (cercariae, metacercariae, adults). Parthenitae (miracidia, sporocysts, rediae), although they constitute a significant part of a digeneans’ life cycle, attract much less attention. The sparse literature concerning the musculature of parthenitae indicates that it differs in many respects from that of digenean hermaphroditic generation and many other flatworms. We have tried to fill the knowledge gap on digenean muscle systems by focusing on daughter parthenitae (three species with rediae and two with daughter sporocysts). The study was performed using TRITC-phalloidin labeling and confocal microscopy and was aimed at both describing general trends and comparing different morphotypes. The basic body-wall muscle layers were confirmed to be composed of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers. Circular fibers form quite a uniform layer, and longitudinal fibers are typically joined into bundles. The density of muscle layers varies widely among studied species, and the possible causes of this variation are discussed. The internal muscle fibers and bundles are present in all studied species, being most prominent in the anterior region. The brood chamber and birth pore channel often have a muscular lining. The rediae pharynx has a typical set of muscle elements, mostly coinciding with one in the pharynx of the hermaphroditic generation. Taken together, our findings suggest that data on the musculature of daughter parthenitae are important from an evolutionary perspective.

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Notes

  1. The nature of digenean life cycle is disputable as no consensual opinion on type of multiplication within first intermediate host exists (for review see Whitfield and Evans 1983). Our paper does not focus on this problem, so we choose to follow the hypothesis which seems most convincing to us—apomictic parthenogenesis [supported by James and Bowers (1967), Pearson (1972), Galaktionov and Dobrovolskij (2003)].

  2. Internal (or parenchymal) musculature in flatworms typically comprises dorsoventral muscle fibers and in some cases—various additional bundles.

  3. This term is used to define lining of the brood chamber formed of flattened and transformed parenchymal cells (Galaktionov and Dobrovolskij 2003).

  4. In case of flatworms, more precise term is Hautmuskelschlauch (Schmidt-Rhaesa 2007), but it is not widely used.

  5. The constrictions may serve for brood chamber compartmentalization—to separate cercariae embryos of different age, so that elder ones do not hurt younger. Many digeneans developed analogous mechanisms of embryo protection, e.g., endocyst chambers in various sporocysts and rediae (Galaktionov and Dobrovolskij 2003).

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Tatyana Panfilkina (SPbU) who helped to collect the material and to Dr. Andrey Dobrovolskij and Dr. Anson Koehler who took part in the manuscript revision. This research would have been impossible without the facilities of Marine Biological Station of Saint Petersburg State University. The confocal microscopy studies were carried out using the equipment of research resource centers “Chromas” and “Molecular and Cell Technologies” of Saint Petersburg State University. The project was funded by grants of Saint Petersburg State University (No. 1.42.1493.2015) and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 16-34-60156).

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  1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034

    Darya Y. Krupenko, Vladimir A. Krapivin & Anna G. Gonchar

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  1. Darya Y. Krupenko
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  2. Vladimir A. Krapivin
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Correspondence to Darya Y. Krupenko.

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Krupenko, D.Y., Krapivin, V.A. & Gonchar, A.G. Muscle system in rediae and daughter sporocysts of several digeneans. Zoomorphology 135, 405–418 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-016-0318-7

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