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Application of magnetic resonance imaging in zoology

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Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging technique that today constitutes one of the main pillars of preclinical and clinical imaging. MRI’s capacity to depict soft tissue in whole specimens ex vivo as well as in vivo, achievable voxel resolutions well below (100 μm)3, and the absence of ionizing radiation have resulted in the broad application of this technique both in human diagnostics and studies involving small animal model organisms. Unfortunately, MRI systems are expensive devices and have so far only sporadically been used to resolve questions in zoology and in particular in zoomorphology. However, the results from two recent studies involving systematic scanning of representative species from a vertebrate group (fishes) as well as an invertebrate taxon (sea urchins) suggest that MRI could in fact be used more widely in zoology. Using novel image data derived from representative species of numerous higher metazoan clades in combination with a comprehensive literature survey, we review and evaluate the potential of MRI for systematic taxon scanning. According to our results, numerous animal groups are suitable for systematic MRI scanning, among them various cnidarian and arthropod taxa, brachiopods, various molluscan taxa, echinoderms, as well as all vertebrate clades. However, various phyla in their entirety cannot be considered suitable for this approach mainly due to their small size (e.g., Kinorhyncha) or their unfavorable shape (e.g., Nematomorpha), while other taxa are prone to produce artifacts associated either with their biology (e.g., Echiura) or their anatomy (e.g., Polyplacophora). In order to initiate further uses of MRI in zoology, we outline the principles underlying various applications of this technique such as the use of contrast agents, in vivo MRI, functional MRI, as well as magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, we discuss how future technical developments might shape the use of MRI for the study of zoological specimens.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

BOLD:

Blood oxygenation level-dependent

CA:

Contrast agent

cLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

CSI:

Chemical shift imaging

CT:

Computed tomography

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

FLASH:

Fast low-angle shot

FMNH:

Field Museum of Natural History

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

FOV:

Field of view

FR :

RARE factor

FSPGR:

Fast spoiled gradient echo

MEMRI:

Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

MR:

Magnetic resonance

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRS:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

NA :

Average number

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OPT:

Optical projection tomography

PET:

Positron emission tomography

RARE:

Rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement

SE:

Spin echo

SIO:

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

TA :

Acquisition time

TE :

Echo time

TR :

Repetition time

TSE:

Turbo spin echo

μCT:

Micro-computed tomography

ZMB:

Zoologisches Museum Berlin

ZMH:

Zoologisches Museum Hamburg

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Thomas Bartolomaeus (Bonn, Germany), Sven Gemballa (Tübingen, Germany), Matthias Glaubrecht (Berlin, Germany), Alexander Gruhl (London, United Kingdom), Alexander Haas (Hamburg, Germany), Markus Koch (Bonn, Germany), Janina Lehrke (Bonn, Germany), Carsten Lüter (Berlin, Germany), Christian Müller (Frankfurt, Germany), Thomas Stach (Berlin, Germany), and Esther Ullrich-Lüter (Berlin, Germany) for specimen supply. We also gratefully acknowledge editorial support by Christopher Witte (Berlin, Germany). Bivalve research was supported by AToL grants from the National Science Foundation, USA, to Rüdiger Bieler (#0732854), Paula M. Mikkelsen (#0732860), and Gonzalo Giribet (#0732903). We are grateful to Thomas Bartolomaeus, Doug Eernisse and one anonymous reviewer for their supportive comments on this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Alexander Ziegler & Gonzalo Giribet

  2. Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany

    Martin Kunth & Leif Schröder

  3. Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany

    Susanne Mueller

  4. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Christian Bock

  5. Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Spemannstr. 41, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Rolf Pohmann

  6. Institut für Klinische Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany

    Cornelius Faber

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  1. Alexander Ziegler
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  3. Susanne Mueller
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Correspondence to Alexander Ziegler.

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Communicated by T. Bartolomaeus.

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Ziegler, A., Kunth, M., Mueller, S. et al. Application of magnetic resonance imaging in zoology. Zoomorphology 130, 227–254 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-011-0138-8

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