Induction of apoptosis in metastatic foci from human gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice and reduction of circulating tumor cells in blood by 5-FU and 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil

Abstract

Antimetastatic effects of 5-FU and its derivative, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) on human gastric cancer micrometastasis and their mode of action were evaluated, using a spontaneous lung metastasis model (HY-1) in nude mice. Metastases were first detected in the lung from 4 weeks after subcutaneous transplantation, growing intravascularly and forming micrometastases at 100% incidence by 6 weeks after implantation. Lung metastasis in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors was significantly inhibited by HCFU at doses of 100–150 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ without severe toxic side-effects, when orally administered three times per week either from week 4 or week 6 to 9 weeks after implantation. Spontaneous lung metastasis was also inhibited by the administration of 5-FU, but to lesser extent than with HCFU at equimolar low doses. Apoptosis within primary tumors and lung metastatic foci, as detected by the terminal-deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling method, was found to be significantly enhanced by HCFU as well as 5-FU administration at doses of more than 100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and 50 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ respectively. However, proliferating activity of the metastatic foci, as evaluated by MIB-1 immunostaining, was not significantly suppressed by HCFU or 5-FU treatment. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction analysis using human specific primers for the β-globin gene, which proved to be capable of detecting 10 tumor cells/ml mouse blood, revealed that circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of mice bearing primary tumors were reduced by HCFU or 5-FU administration. These results indicate that circulating tumor cells in blood and micrometastases in the lung are sensitive to these chemotherapeutic agents, and suggest that the anti-metastatic effect of these agents is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced apoptosis rather than by inhibition of cell proliferation.