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Risk factors of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children: a case–control study

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Abstract

The aim of the present study is to clarify the association between environmental exposures and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lymphadenitis, during the last decade, in a population of children. In children up to 14 years of age in a pediatric tertiary hospital, all cases of NTM lymphadenopathy with a specific microbiological diagnosis, from January 2004 to January 2015, were reviewed. This is a case–control study (1:5 proportion), in which the prevalence of environmental factors between cases and controls was compared by means of a multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 24 cases were diagnosed in the aforementioned period, and 18 of them included in the case–control study. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was the predominant mycobacterium species isolated (83.3%). Exposure to hens showed a clear trend to be significantly associated with the disease (OR = 4.33; IC95% 0.97–19.41, p = 0.055), with no significant differences for the rest of the risk factors studied.

Conclusion: M. avium is still the predominant bacteria causing NTM lymphadenitis in children of our region. Contact with hens has been the only risk factor for NTM lymphadenitis detected in the present study.

What is Known:

• M. avium is the predominant bacteria causing NTM lymphadenitis in children of our region.

• There is no consensus on which environmental factors are associated with NTM lymphadenitis in children.

What is New:

• The only risk factor for NTM lymphadenitis found in the present study was regular contact with hens. Contact with other farm animals was not associated to NTM lymphadenitis.

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Abbreviations

aORs:

Adjusted ORs

ED:

Emergency department

FNAB :

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy

MAC:

Mycobacterium intracellular complex

NTM:

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mr. Anthony Carlson for his assistance with the English language.

Authors’ contributions

All coauthors have contributed to the study: Dr. Alfayate and Dr. Menasalvas (pediatricians) diagnosed the cases, with the cooperation of Dr. Paredes (microbiologist). Dr. Ruiz Pruneda (pediatric surgeon) was in charge of the surgical therapy. Dr. Plaza and Dr. García-Marcos (pediatricians) interviewed about the risk factors and contributed to the follow-up. They also recruited and interviewed the control group. Dr. Garcia-Marcos wrote the paper, which was corrected and approved in the last version by the rest of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deparment of General Pediatrics, Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Patricia W. Garcia-Marcos & Mercedes Plaza-Fornieles

  2. Secretaría de Pediatría, 3a planta Hospital Materno-Infantil, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena, s/n. 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain

    Patricia W. Garcia-Marcos

  3. Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Unit, Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Ana Menasalvas-Ruiz & Santiago Alfayate Miguelez

  4. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Ramon Ruiz-Pruneda

  5. Department of Microbiology, Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca Research Institute, Murcia, Spain

    Pedro Paredes-Reyes

Authors
  1. Patricia W. Garcia-Marcos
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  2. Mercedes Plaza-Fornieles
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  3. Ana Menasalvas-Ruiz
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  4. Ramon Ruiz-Pruneda
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  5. Pedro Paredes-Reyes
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  6. Santiago Alfayate Miguelez
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia W. Garcia-Marcos.

Ethics declarations

Informed consent was obtained before interviewing all cases and controls.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Funding

This work was not supported by any funding source.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Communicated by David Nadal

Revisions received: 07 November 2016 ; 15 February 2017

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Cite this article

Garcia-Marcos, P.W., Plaza-Fornieles, M., Menasalvas-Ruiz, A. et al. Risk factors of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children: a case–control study. Eur J Pediatr 176, 607–613 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-017-2882-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-017-2882-3

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