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Linking coordinative and executive dysfunctions to atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 patients

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Abstract

Spinocerebellar ataxias type 2 (SCA2) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by the degeneration of the Cerebellum, its connections and many Brainstem areas. A voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was performed on 12 genetically determined SCA2 patients and 31 controls, normalising the brains with two different atlases: one was created in-house with DARTEL (a diffeomorphic registration method) and the other was SUIT (an exclusive Cerebellum atlas). We administered two versions of a popular executive/planning functions test: the Tower of London, in the traditional and in a computerised version that does not require the use of hands, to correlate the regional atrophy with the tests’ performances and to discover the different associations of Cerebellum’s areas to cognitive dysfunctions. SCA2 showed a diffuse infratentorial atrophy with the whole Cerebellum and Brainstem affected, the overall patterns were highly overlapping between atlases with some minor differences. The DARTEL VBM also allowed detecting two sovratentorial clusters of atrophy, one in the left Inferior Parietal Lobule and the other in the Corticospinal Tracts. Additional analyses revealed a partial involvement of many White Matter tracts and of the Thalamus in the pathology. The classical Tower of London version correlated maximally with the right Lobule IV–V, when the computerised version correlated with the right Crus 1. The correlations of different versions of the test suggested a dissociation between the dysfunctions in SCA2: the Posterior Cerebellum was linked to the executive dysfunction while the Anterior Cerebellum was linked to the coordinative dysfunction.

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Abbreviations

ADCA:

Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

FWE:

Family Wyse error

FWHM:

Full width half maximum

FDR:

False discovery rate

GM:

Grey matter

ICARS:

International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale

MMSE:

Mini mental state examination

MNI:

Montreal Neurological Institute

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NS:

Not significant

SCA:

Spinocerebellar atrophy

SD:

Standard deviation

SE:

Standard error

TIV:

Total intracranial volume

ToL:

Tower of London

CPU:

Tower of London computerised version

PEG:

Tower of London Pegs version

VBM:

Voxel-based morphometry

WM:

White matter

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Compagnia di San Paolo, “Cervelletto e cognitività” 05-06. We wish to thank Dr. Cristina Manzone, Dr. Federica Avidano, Dr. Chiara Caroppo, Dr. Steve Valeri for their contribution to this paper, all the subjects who participated to the study and their families.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, AOU S. Giovanni Battista, Turin, Italy

    Federico D’Agata, Paola Caroppo, Mario Coriasco, Marcella Caglio, Mauro Bergui, Gianni Boris Bradac, Laura Orsi & Paolo Mortara

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

    Federico D’Agata, Marcella Caglio, Katiuscia Sacco, Franco Cauda, Elisabetta Geda & Giuliano Geminiani

  3. CCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy

    Federico D’Agata, Katiuscia Sacco, Franco Cauda, Elisabetta Geda & Giuliano Geminiani

  4. Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiodiagnostics, ASO S. Croce, Cuneo, Italy

    Andrea Boghi

  5. Nuclear Medicine, AOU S. Giovanni Battista, Turin, Italy

    Bruno Baudino

  6. NIT, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy

    Katiuscia Sacco, Giuliano Geminiani & Paolo Mortara

  7. Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco, 15, 10126, Turin, Italy

    Federico D’Agata

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  1. Federico D’Agata
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  2. Paola Caroppo
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Correspondence to Federico D’Agata.

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F. D’Agata and P. Caroppo contributed equally to this work.

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D’Agata, F., Caroppo, P., Boghi, A. et al. Linking coordinative and executive dysfunctions to atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 patients. Brain Struct Funct 216, 275–288 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0310-4

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