Abstract
Size and shape constitute fundamental aspects in the description of morphology. Yet while the developmental-genetic underpinnings of trait size, in particular with regard to scaling relationships, are increasingly well understood, those of shape remain largely elusive. Here we investigate the potential function of the Notch signaling pathway in instructing the shape of beetle horns, a highly diversified and evolutionarily novel morphological structure. We focused on the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus due to the wide range of horn sizes and shapes present among males in this species, in order to assess the potential function of Notch signaling in the specification of horn shape alongside the regulation of shape changes with allometry. Using RNA interference-mediated transcript depletion of Notch and its ligands, we document a highly conserved role of Notch signaling in general appendage formation. By integrating our functional genetic approach with a geometric morphometric analysis, we find that Notch signaling moderately but consistently affects horn shape, and does so differently for the horns of minor, intermediate-sized, and major males. Our results suggest that the function of Notch signaling during head horn formation may vary in a complex manner across male morphs, and highlights the power of integrating functional genetic and geometric morphometric approaches in analyzing subtle but nevertheless biologically important phenotypes in the face of significant allometric variation.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Kayla Copper, Madison Gits, and Trevor Edgerton for beetle care.
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Funding for this study was provided by the National Science Foundation grants (IOS 1256689 and 1901680) as well as a grant from the John Templeton Foundation to APM.
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APM and YH designed the research; JRC and YH performed the research; JRC, ALMM, APM, PTR, and YH analyzed the data and wrote the paper.
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Crabtree, J.R., Macagno, A.L.M., Moczek, A.P. et al. Notch signaling patterns head horn shape in the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. Dev Genes Evol 230, 213–225 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-020-00645-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-020-00645-w