Abstract
The crustaceans are one of the largest, most diverse, and most successful groups of invertebrates. The diversity among the crustaceans is also reflected in embryonic development models. However, the molecular genetics that regulates embryonic development is not known in those crustaceans that have a short germ-band development with superficial cleavage, such as Macrobrachium olfersi. This species is a freshwater decapod and has great potential to become a model for developmental biology, as well as for evolutionary and environmental studies. To obtain sequence data of M. olfersi from an embryonic developmental perspective, we performed de novo assembly and annotation of the embryonic transcriptome. Using a pooling strategy of total RNA, paired-end Illumina sequencing, and assembly with multiple k-mers, a total of 25,636,097 pair reads were generated. In total, 99,751 unigenes were identified, and 20,893 of these returned a Blastx hit. KEGG pathway analysis mapped a total of 6866 unigenes related to 129 metabolic pathways. In general, 21,845 unigenes were assigned to gene ontology (GO) categories: molecular function (19,604), cellular components (10,254), and biological processes (13,841). Of these, 2142 unigenes were assigned to the developmental process category. More specifically, a total of 35 homologs of embryonic development toolkit genes were identified, which included maternal effect (one gene), gap (six), pair-rule (six), segment polarity (seven), Hox (four), Wnt (eight), and dorsoventral patterning genes (three). In addition, genes of developmental pathways were found, including TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, MAPK, Hedgehog, Jak-STAT, VEGF, and ecdysteroid-inducible nuclear receptors. RT-PCR analysis of eight genes related to embryonic development from gastrulation to late morphogenesis/organogenesis confirmed the applicability of the transcriptome analysis.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, 425/2010) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, 475788/2011-7).
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The procedures for collecting of M. olfersi were approved by the National Environmental Agency (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, number 15294-1/IBAMA/2008).
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Communicated by Siegfried Roth
Dib Ammar and Yara M. R. Müller contributed equally to this work.
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Table S1
Primer sequences of genes related to embryonic development of M. olfersi employed in RT-PCR. (DOCX 15 kb)
Table S2
The 60 most frequently occurring InterPro domains/families in M. olfersi unigenes. (XLSX 12 kb)
Table S3
Genes related to embryonic development identified in the transcriptome of M. olfersi. (XLSX 19 kb)
Table S4
Developmental pathways identified in the transcriptome of M. olfersi embryos. (XLSX 21 kb)
Table S5
Summary of SSRs in the transcriptome of M. olfersi embryos. (DOCX 18 kb)
Fig. S1
Alignment of eight genes related to embryonic development from arthropods species using ClustalW. The colors indicate the degree of conservation of the different amino acids. Species and accession numbers are indicated (left). The homeobox domain of the genes is denoted by the box in the alignment. (PDF 377 kb)
Fig. S2
Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees from an alignment of eight genes related to embryonic development from arthropods species. NJ trees under the TN93 + G (Ubx, Antp, Scr and En), Tajime-Nei + G (Ftz) and JTT + G (Eve) models and analysis of 1000 bootstrap replicates and the Poisson correction model for MEGA5 program were used. Orthologs of these genes from Onychophora species were used to root the tree. Hox genes of Neocaridina were obtained from published paper by Kenny et al. 2014. The scale bar shows the number of substitutions per site. (PDF 95 kb)
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Jaramillo, M.L., Guzman, F., Paese, C.L.B. et al. Exploring developmental gene toolkit and associated pathways in a potential new model crustacean using transcriptomic analysis. Dev Genes Evol 226, 325–337 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-016-0551-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-016-0551-6