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Advancement of research on plant NLRs evolution, biochemical activity, structural association, and engineering

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Abstract

Main conclusion

In this review, we have included evolution of plant intracellular immune receptors, oligomeric complex formation, enzymatic action, engineering, and mechanisms of immune inspection for appropriate defense outcomes.

Abstract

NLR (Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing leucine-rich repeat) proteins are the intracellular immune receptors that recognize pathogen-derived virulence factors to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Activation of plant defense by the NLRs are often conveyed through N-terminal Toll-like/ IL-1 receptor (TIR) or non-TIR (coiled-coils or CC) domains. Homodimerization or self-association property of CC/ TIR domains of plant NLRs contribute to their auto-activity and induction of in planta ectopic cell death. High resolution crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana RPS4TIR, L6TIR, SNC1TIR, RPP1TIR and Muscadinia rotundifolia RPV1TIR showed that interaction is mediated through one or two distinct interfaces i.e., αA and αE helices comprise AE interface and αD and αE helices were found to form DE interface. By contrast, conserved helical regions were determined for CC domains of plant NLRs. Evolutionary history of NLRs diversification has shown that paired forms were originated from NLR singletons. Plant TIRs executed NAD+ hydrolysis activity for cell death promotion. Plant NLRs were found to form large oligomeric complexes as observed in animal inflammasomes. We have also discussed different protein engineering methods includes domain shuffling, and decoy modification that increase effector recognition spectrum of plant NLRs. In summary, our review highlights structural basis of perception of the virulence factors by NLRs or NLR pairs to design novel classes of plant immune receptors.

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Abbreviations

ARC:

APAF-1 (apoptotic protease-activating factor 1), R proteins and CED-4

Avr:

Avirulent

CNL:

Coiled coil (CC) domain containing NLR

EDS1:

Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1

ETI:

Effector-triggered immunity

ETS:

Effector-triggered susceptibility

HR:

Hypersensitive response

NLR:

Nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein

RGA:

Resistance gene analog

TNL:

Toll-like/ IL-1 receptor protein (TIR) domain-containing NLR

T3SS:

Type III secretion systems

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  1. 50, Banerjee para road, Naihati, 743165, West Bengal, India

    Joydeep Chakraborty

  2. Department of Botany, Narajole Raj College, Narajole, Paschim Medinipur, 721211, West Bengal, India

    Prithwi Ghosh

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  1. Joydeep Chakraborty
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Chakraborty, J., Ghosh, P. Advancement of research on plant NLRs evolution, biochemical activity, structural association, and engineering. Planta 252, 101 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03512-0

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