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Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments

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Abstract

Main conclusion

The alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes have been identified from tea plants, and their bioinformatic characteristics and expression patterns provide a foundation for further studies to elucidate their biological functions.

Abstract

Alpha-amylase (AMY)- and beta-amylase (BAM)-mediated starch degradation plays central roles in carbohydrate metabolism and participates extensively in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes, including growth, development and stress response. However, the AMY and BAM genes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) are poorly understood, and the biological functions of these genes remain to be elucidated. In this study, three CsAMY and nine CsBAM genes from tea plants were identified based on genomic and transcriptomic database analyses, and the genes were subjected to comprehensive bioinformatic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CsAMY proteins could be clustered into three different subfamilies, and nine CsBAM proteins could be classified into four groups. Putative catalytically active proteins were identified based on multiple sequence alignments, and the tertiary structures of these proteins were analyzed. Cis-element analysis indicated that CsAMY and CsBAM were extensively involved in tea plant growth, development and stress response. In addition, the CsAMY and CsBAM genes were differentially expressed in various tissues and were regulated by stress treatments (e.g., ABA, cold, drought and salt stress), and the expression patterns of these genes were associated with the postharvest withering and rotation processes. Taken together, our results will enhance the understanding of the roles of the CsAMY and CsBAM gene families in the growth, development and stress response of tea plants and of the potential functions of these genes in determining tea quality during the postharvest processing of tea leaves.

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Abbreviations

ABRE:

ABA response element

AMY:

α-Amylase

ARE:

Anaerobic response element

BAM:

β-Amylase

BZR1:

Brassinazole resistant 1

DPE:

Disproportionating enzyme

GH:

Glycoside hydrolase

SBE:

Starch-branching enzyme

STRE:

Stress responsive element

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31600555, 31800587), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2017J01616), the Major Project of Agricultural Science and Technology in Breeding of Tea Plant Variety in Zhejiang Province (2016C02053-4), the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-19), the Construction of Plateau Discipline of Fujian Province (102/71201801101), and the Fujian Province “2011 Collaborative Innovation Center” Chinese Oolong Tea Industry Innovation Center (Cultivation) special project (J2015-75).

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  1. Chuan Yue, Hongli Cao and Hongzheng Lin contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China

    Chuan Yue, Hongli Cao, Hongzheng Lin, Juan Hu, Yijun Ye, Jiamin Li, Zhilong Hao & Yun Sun

  2. Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China

    Chuan Yue, Xinyuan Hao, Yajun Yang & Xinchao Wang

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  1. Chuan Yue
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425_2019_3171_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 1 Conservation in the tea plant and Arabidopsis BAM proteins of 15 starch-binding active site residues identified in soybean BAM5 (BMY1). Subsites 1–4 refer to the four Glc residues at the nonreducing end of the substrate. Residues in each sequence that differ from the corresponding residues in the soybean BAM are shaded gray (TIFF 1797 kb)

Supplementary material 2 LOGO of the conserved motifs of a AMY and b BAM (TIFF 589 kb)

425_2019_3171_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 3 Structural modeling analysis of CsAMY and CsBAM proteins. The 3-D structures of CsAMY and CsBAM proteins were modeled using SWISS-MODEL server and visualized using PyMol software. a The 3-D structures of three CsAMY proteins. Three domains of domains A, B and C are highlighted with cyan, orange and red colors, respectively. Three catalytically important residues, two carbohydrate-binding sites and activity sites are indicated with red, green and blue colors, respectively. b The 3-D structures of nine CsBAM proteins. The active sites are highlighted with hot pink, and two catalytic residues (Glu186 and Glu380) are indicated by yellow dots in each structure (TIFF 1558 kb)

425_2019_3171_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 4 Expression patterns of CsAMY and CsBAM genes during the postharvest processing of white tea withering. The relative expression levels of target genes were determined at different time points during the postharvest processing of white tea withering using the 2−ΔΔCt method under the control of the CsPTB housekeeping gene. Data are mean ± SE of three independent replicates. Asterisks represent significant differences between withering process and the control according to one-way ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (TIFF 310 kb)

425_2019_3171_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 5 Expression patterns of CsAMY and CsBAM genes during the postharvest processing of oolong tea rotation. The relative expression levels of target genes were determined at different time points during the postharvest processing of oolong tea rotation using the 2−ΔΔCt method under the control of the CsPTB housekeeping gene. Data are mean ± SE of three independent replicates. Asterisks represent significant difference between rotating process and the control according to one-way ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (TIFF 306 kb)

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Yue, C., Cao, H., Lin, H. et al. Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments. Planta 250, 281–298 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03171-w

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