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Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Chemical analyses and glycome profiling demonstrate differences in the structures of the xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I isolated from soybean ( Glycine max ) roots and root hair cell walls.

The root hair is a plant cell that extends only at its tip. All other root cells have the ability to grow in different directions (diffuse growth). Although both growth modes require controlled expansion of the cell wall, the types and structures of polysaccharides in the walls of diffuse and tip-growing cells from the same plant have not been determined. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the few plants whose root hairs can be isolated in amounts sufficient for cell wall chemical characterization. Here, we describe the structural features of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, xyloglucan, glucomannan, and 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the cell walls of soybean root hairs and roots stripped of root hairs. Irrespective of cell type, rhamnogalacturonan II exists as a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate ester. Root hair rhamnogalacturonan I contains more neutral oligosaccharide side chains than its root counterpart. At least 90 % of the glucuronic acid is 4-O-methylated in root glucuronoxylan. Only 50 % of this glycose is 4-O-methylated in the root hair counterpart. Mono O-acetylated fucose-containing subunits account for at least 60 % of the neutral xyloglucan from root and root hair walls. By contrast, a galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan was detected only in root hair cell walls. Soybean homologs of the Arabidopsis xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase are highly expressed only in root hairs. A mannose-rich polysaccharide was also detected only in root hair cell walls. Our data demonstrate that the walls of tip-growing root hairs cells have structural features that distinguish them from the walls of other roots cells.

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Abbreviations

AG:

Arabinogalactan protein

CSLD:

Cellulose synthase-like d

Dp:

Degree of polymerization

MALDI-TOF MS:

Matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry

RG-I:

Rhamnogalacturonan I

RG-II:

Rhamnogalacturonan II

XEG:

Xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase

XUT:

Xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase

XXT:

Xyloglucan-specific xylosyltransferase

XyGO:

Xyloglucan oligosaccharide

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy through Grants DE-FG02-93ER20097 (to R.W.C.), DE-FG02-12ER16324 (to W.S.Y, M.A.O., M.J.P.), and DE-FG02-12ER16326 (to M.A.O.) for funding the structural studies of soybean root and root hair cell walls. The National Science Foundation is acknowledged through Plant Genome Grant DBI-041683 and IOB-0923992 (to M.G.H., W.S.Y., M.A.O.) for funding the development of cell wall antibodies and Plant Genome Grant DBI-0421620 (to G.S.) for funding studies of soybean functional genomics.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Marc Libault

    Present address: Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA

  2. Laurent Brechenmacher

    Present address: Southern Alberta Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Artur Muszyński, Malcolm A. O’Neill, Easwaran Ramasamy, Sivakumar Pattathil, Utku Avci, Maria J. Peña, William S. York, Michael G. Hahn & Russell W. Carlson

  2. Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA

    Marc Libault, Md Shakhawat Hossain, Laurent Brechenmacher & Gary Stacey

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    William S. York

  4. Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74001-970, Brazil

    Rommel M. Barbosa

  5. Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Michael G. Hahn

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Correspondence to Malcolm A. O’Neill.

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Muszyński, A., O’Neill, M.A., Ramasamy, E. et al. Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls. Planta 242, 1123–1138 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2344-y

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