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Structural aspects of rod opsin and their implication in genetic diseases

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Abstract

Vision in dim-light conditions is triggered by photoactivation of rhodopsin, the visual pigment of rod photoreceptor cells. Rhodopsin is made of a protein, the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) opsin, and the chromophore 11-cis-retinal. Vertebrate rod opsin is the GPCR best characterized at the atomic level of detail. Since the release of the first crystal structure 20 years ago, a huge number of structures have been released that, in combination with valuable spectroscopic determinations, unveiled most aspects of the photobleaching process. A number of spontaneous mutations of rod opsin have been found linked to vision-impairing diseases like autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (adRP or arRP, respectively) and autosomal congenital stationary night blindness (adCSNB). While adCSNB is mainly caused by constitutive activation of rod opsin, RP shows more variegate determinants affecting different aspects of rod opsin function. The vast majority of missense rod opsin mutations affects folding and trafficking and is linked to adRP, an incurable disease that awaits light on its molecular structure determinants. This review article summarizes all major structural information available on vertebrate rod opsin conformational states and the insights gained so far into the structural determinants of adCSNB and adRP linked to rod opsin mutations. Strategies to design small chaperones with therapeutic potential for selected adRP rod opsin mutants will be discussed as well.

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Acknowledgements

Drawings were done by means of the software PYMOL 1.1r1 (http://pymol.sourceforge.net/). We thank Krzysztof Palczewski for providing the coordinates of the latest rhodopsin oligomeric structural model.

Funding

This study was supported by a Telethon-Italy grant [GGP11210], by a Fondazione Roma grant (call for proposals 2013 on Retinitis Pigmentosa), and by a FAR2018 grant to both FF and VM.

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  1. Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy

    Francesca Fanelli & Angelo Felline

  2. Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, Modena, 41125, Italy

    Francesca Fanelli & Valeria Marigo

  3. Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy

    Valeria Marigo

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This article is part of the special issue on Function and Dysfunction in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells in Pflügers Archiv—European Journal of Physiology

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Fanelli, F., Felline, A. & Marigo, V. Structural aspects of rod opsin and their implication in genetic diseases. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 473, 1339–1359 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02546-x

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