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Micromechanical regulation in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts: implications for tissue remodeling

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Abstract

Cells of the myocardium are at home in one of the most mechanically dynamic environments in the body. At the cellular level, pulsatile stimuli of chamber filling and emptying are experienced as cyclic strains (relative deformation) and stresses (force per unit area). The intrinsic characteristics of tension-generating myocytes and fibroblasts thus have a continuous mechanical interplay with their extrinsic surroundings. This review explores the ways that the micromechanics at the scale of single cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts have been measured, modeled, and recapitulated in vitro in the context of adaptation. Both types of cardiac cells respond to externally applied strain, and many of the intracellular mechanosensing pathways have been identified with the careful manipulation of experimental variables. In addition to strain, the extent of loading in myocytes and fibroblasts is also regulated by cues from the microenvironment such as substrate surface chemistry, stiffness, and topography. Combinations of these structural cues in three dimensions are needed to mimic the micromechanical complexity derived from the extracellular matrix of the developing, healthy, or pathophysiologic heart. An understanding of cardiac cell micromechanics can therefore inform the design and composition of tissue engineering scaffolds or stem cell niches for future applications in regenerative medicine.

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Abbreviations

1D:

One dimension

2D:

Two dimensions

3D:

Three dimensions

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FAK:

Focal adhesion kinase

MLP:

Muscle LIM protein

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  1. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Matthew W. Curtis

  2. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Brenda Russell

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This article is published as part of the special issue on “The cytoskeleton and the cellular transduction of mechanical strain.”

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Curtis, M.W., Russell, B. Micromechanical regulation in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts: implications for tissue remodeling. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 462, 105–117 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-0931-8

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