Abstract
Purpose
To review the responses of the liver to acute and chronic physical activity and to summarize relationships between physical activity and liver health.
Methods
A systematic search of HealthStar/Ovid from 1975 through June of 2013, supplemented by articles from other sources.
Results
351 of 8,010 articles identified by HealthStar/Ovid were supplemented by 92 other papers; after focussing, the review was reduced to 435 citations. Prolonged acute exercise reduces hepatic blood flow, stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and synthesis of some proteins; however, lipid metabolism shows little change. Glutathione depletion suggests oxidative stress. Enzymes affecting carbohydrate metabolism are up-regulated, and lipogenic enzymes are down-regulated. The main triggers are humoral, but hepatic afferent nerves, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and changes in hepatic blood flow may all play some role. Regular aerobic exercise training improves blood glucose control during exercise by increasing glycogen stores and up-regulating enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Resistance to oxidant stress is generally increased by training. Lipogenic enzymes are down-regulated, and lipid metabolism is augmented. Modulations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor, glucagon and interleukin-6 may trigger the adaptive responses to training. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show that regular exercise can reduce hepatic fat, but the effect on circulating aminotransferases is unclear and the modality and dose of physical activity optimizing health benefits need clarification.
Conclusions
Regular moderate physical activity enhances liver health. Adverse functional changes can develop if habitual activity is inadequate, and extremely prolonged competitive exercise may also be harmful, particularly under harsh environmental conditions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ACC:
-
Acetyl-coa carboxylase
- ADP:
-
Adenosine diphosphate
- AKT:
-
Protein kinase B
- ALT:
-
Alanine transaminase
- AMP:
-
Adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK:
-
Adenosine monophosphate kinase
- ARFRP1:
-
ADP-ribosylation factor-related protein 1
- AST:
-
Aspartate transaminase
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BCKDH:
-
Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase
- cAMP:
-
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- CK:
-
Cytokeratin
- CoA:
-
Coenzyme A
- CT:
-
Computerized tomography
- DNA:
-
Desoxyribonucleic acid
- eIF2:
-
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acid
- GGT:
-
Gamma glutamyl transferase
- GLUT-2:
-
Glucose-transporter-2
- G protein:
-
Guanine-nucleotide binding protein
- GTP:
-
Guanosine triphosphate
- HAD:
-
Β-hydroxyacyl-dehydrogenase
- HDL-c:
-
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HISS:
-
Hepatic insulin sensitizing substance
- HMG-CoA:
-
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- IGFBP:
-
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IMTG:
-
Intramyocellular triglyceride
- JAK:
-
Janus kinase
- JNK:
-
c-jun N-terminal kinase
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- mRNA:
-
Messenger ribonucleic acid
- NAFLD:
-
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-B
- NOx:
-
Mononitrogen oxides
- PECPK:
-
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PERK:
-
Protein-kinase like endoplasmic reticular kinase
- SCD-1:
-
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
- sFasL:
-
Soluble Fas ligand
- SREBP-1c:
-
Regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TRB3:
-
Tribbles-related protein 3
- VLDL:
-
Very low density lipoprotein triglycerides
- \({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max :
-
Maximal oxygen intake
References
Ahlborg G, Felig P, Hagenfel L, Hendler R, Wahren J (1974) Substrate turnover during prolonged exercise in man. Splanchnic and leg metabolism of glucose, free fatty-acids, and amino-acids. J Clin Invest 53(4):1080–1090
Albu JB, Hellbronn LK, Kelley DE, Smith SR, Azuma K, Berk ES, Pi-Sunyer FX, Ravussin E, Look Ahead Research Group (2010) Metabolic changes following a 1-year diet and exercise intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 59:627–633
Alisi A, Locatelli M, Nobili V (2010) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 13(4):397–402
Allen DL, Hittel DS, McPherron AC (2011) Expression and function of myostatin in obesity, diabetes, and exercise adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(10):1828–1835
Andersen H, Borre M, Jakobsen J, Andersen PH, Vilstrup H (1998) Decreased muscle strength in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis in relation to nutritional status, alcohol abstinence, liver function, and neuropathy. Hepatology 27(5):1200–1206
Angulo P (2002) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. New Engl J Med 346:1221–1231
Anthony TG, Anthony JC, Lewitt MS, Donovan SM, Layman DK (2001) Time course changes in IGFBP-1 after treadmill exercise and postexercise food intake in rats. Am J Physiol 280:E650–E656
Aoi W, Naito Y, Hang LP, Uchiyama K, Akagiri S, Mizushima K, Yoshikawa T (2011) Regular exercise prevents high-sucrose diet-induced fatty liver via improvement of hepatic lipid metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 413(2):330–335
Apple FS, McGue MK (1983) Serum enzyme changes during marathon training. Am J Clin Pathol 79(6):716–719
Arase Y, Suzuki F, Ikeda K, Kumada H, Tsuji H, Kobayashi T (2009) Multivariate analysis of risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 44(10):1064–1070
Askew EW, Barakat H, Kuhl GL, Dohm GL (1975) Response of lipogenesis and fatty acid synthetase to physical training and exhaustive exercise in rats. Lipids Health Dis 10(8):491–496
Atalay M, Oksala NKJ, Laaksonen DE, Khanna S, Nakao C, Lappalainen J, Roy S, Hanninen O, Sen CK (2004) Exercise training modulates heat shock protein response in diabetic rats. J Appl Physiol 97:805–811
Aydin C, Ince E, Koiparan S, Cangul IT, Naziroglu M, Ak F (2005) Protective effects of long term dietary restriction on swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress in the liver, heart and kidney of rat. Cell Bioch Funct 25(2):129–137
Baba CS, Alexander G, Kalyani B, Pandey R, Rastogi S, Pandey A, Gourdas C (2006) Effect of exercise and dietary modification on serum aminotransferase levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(1 Pt 1):191–198
Bacchi N, Moghetti P (2013) Exercise for hepatic fat accumulation in type 2 diabetic subjects. Int J Endocrinol ID 309191:1–5
Bacchi E, Negri C, Targher G, Faccioli N, Lanza M, Zoppini G, Zanolin E, Schena F, Bonora E, Moghetti P (2013) Both resistance training and aerobic training reduce hepatic fat content in type 2 diabetic subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (the RAED2 randomized trial). Hepatol 58(4):1287–1295
Bae JC, Suh S, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Kim SW, Hur KY, Kim JH, Lee M-S, Lee MK, Kim K-W, Lee W-Y (2012) Regular exercise is associated with a reduction in the risk of NAFLD and decreased liver enzymes in individuals with NAFLD independent of obesity in Korean adults. PLoS One 7(10):e46819
Balasubramian K, Mawer GE, Simons PJ (1970) The influence of dose on the distribution and elimination of amylobarbitone in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol 40(3):578–579
Baldwin KM, Reitman JS, Terjung RL, Winder WW, Holloszy JO (1973) Substrate depletion in different types of muscle and liver during prolonged running. Am J Physiol 225(5):1045–1050
Banzet S, Koulmann N, Simler N, Chapot R, Serrurier B, Peinnequin A, Bigard X (2009) Control of gluconeogenic genes during intense/prolonged exercise: hormone independent effect of muscle-derived IL-6 on hepatic tissue and PEPCk mRNA. J Appl Physiol 107(6):1830–1839
Barsalani R, Chapados NA, Lavoie J-M (2010) Hepatic VLDL-TG production and MTP gene expression are decreased in ovariectomized rats: effects of exercise training. Hormone Metabol Res 42(12):860–867
Barsalani R, Riesco E, Lavoie JM, Dionne IJ (2013) Effect of exercise training and isoflavones on hepatic steatosis in overweight postmenopausal women. Climacteric 16(1):88–95
Bay Nielsen H, Secher NH, Clemmesen O, Ott P (2005) Maintained cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation during maximal exercise in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 43(2):266–271
Beard ME, Hamer JW, Hamilton G, Maslowski AH (1979) Jogger’s heat stroke. NZ Med J 89(631):159–161
Behrens G, Matthews CE, Moore SC, Freedman ND, McGlynn KA, Everhart JE, Hollenbeck AR, Leitzmann MF (2013) The association between frequency of vigorous physical activity and hepatobiliary cancers in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Eur J Epidemiol 28(1):55–66
Bejma J, Ramires P, Ji LL (2000) Free radical generation and oxidative stress with ageing and exercise: differential effects in the myocardium and liver. Acta Physiol Scand 169(4):343–351
Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, Croce LS, Brandi G, Sasso F, Cristanini G, Tiribelli C (2000) Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med 132(2):112–117
Berg A, Keul J (1982) Serum enzymkinetik während und nach intensiver Langzeitbelastung (Serum enzyme kinetics during and after endurance exercise). Dtsch Z fur Sportmed 33:12–17
Bergasa NV, Mehlman J, Bir K (2004) Aerobic exercise: a potential therapeutic intervention for patients with liver disease. Med Hypoth 62(6):935–941
Berglund ED, Lee-Young RS, Lustig DG, Lynes SE, Donahue EP, Camacho RC, Meredith ME, Magnuson MA, Charron MJ, Wasserman DH (2009) Hepatic energy state is regulated by glucagon receptor signaling in mice. J Clin Invest 119(8):2412–2422
Berglund ED, Lustig DG, Baheza RA, Hasenour CM, Lee-Young RS, Donahue EP, Lynes SE, Swift LL, Charron MJ, Damon BM, Wasserman DH (2011) Hepatic glucagon action is essential for exercise-induced reversal of mouse fatty liver. Diabetes 60(11):2720–2729
Bergstrom J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B (1967) Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand 71(2):140–150
Bermon S, Ferrari P, Bernard P, Altare S, Dolisi C (1999) Responses of total and free insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 after resistance exercise and training in elderly subjects. Acta Physiol Scand 165(1):51–56
Bexfield NA, Parcell AC, Nelson WB, Foote KM, Mack GW (2009) Adaptations to high-intensity intermittent exercise in rodents. J Appl Physiol 107(3):749–754
Boel J, Andersen LB, Hansen SH, Dossing M (1984) Hepatic drug metabolism and physical fitness. Clin Pharmacol Therap 36(1):121–126
Bonekamp S, Barone B, Clark JM, Stewarts KJ (2008) The effect of exercise training intervention on hepatic steatosis. Hepatol 48(S1):806A
Børsheim E, Knardahl DS, Høstmark AT (1999) Short-term effects of exercise on plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and fatty acids. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31(4):522–530
Botezelli JD, Mora RF, Dalia RA, Moura LP, Cambri LT, Ghezzi AC, Voltarelli FA, Mello MA (2010) Exercise counteracts fatty liver disease in rats fed on fructose- rich diet. Lipids Health Dis 9:116 (0n-line publication)
Bouchard C, Shephard RJ (1994) Physical activity, fitness and health: the model and key concepts. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T (eds) Physical activity, fitness and health. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 77–88
Bozzetto L, Prinster A, Annuzzi G, Costagilola L, Mangione A, Vitelli A, Mazzarella R, Longobardo M, Mancini M, Vigorito C, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA (2012) Liver fat is reduced by isoenergetic MUFA diet in a controlled random study in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 35(7):1429–1435
Brinkley TE, Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Ferrell RE, Prigeon RL, Hagberg JM, Goldberg AP (2011) Hepatic lipase gene -514CT variant is associated with exercise training-induced changes in VLDL and HDL by lipoprotein. J Appl Physiol 111(6):1871–1876
Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, Nuremberg P, Horton JD, Cohen JC, Grundy SM, Hobbs HH (2004) Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatol 40(6):1387–1395
Bunch TW (1980) Blood test abnormalities in runners. Mayo Clin Proc 55(2):113–117
Bűrger-Mendonça M, Bielavsky M, Barbosa FCR (2008) Liver overload in Brazilian triathletes after half-ironman competition is related to muscle fatigue. Ann Hepatol 7(3):245–248
Burneiko RC, Diniz YS, Galhardi CM, Rodrigues HG, Ebaid GM, Faine LA, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC, Novelli EL (2006) Interaction of hypercaloric diet and physical exercise on lipid profile, oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses. Food Chem Toxicol 44(7):1167–1172
Busse M, Nordhusen D, Tegtbur U, Machold H, Panning B (2004) Sorbitol clearance during exercise as a measure of hepatic and renal blood flow. Clin Sportsmed Int 1:1–8
Caldwell S, Lazo M (2009) Is exercise an effective treatment for NASH? Knowns and unknowns. Ann Hepatol 8(Suppl 1):S60–S66
Cameron I, Alam MS, Wang J, Brown L (2012) Endurance exercise in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 90(11):1490–1497
Campillo B, Chapelain C, Bonnet JC, Frisdal E, Devanlay M, Bouissou P, Fouet P, Wirquin E, Atlan G (1990a) Hormonal and metabolic changes during exercise in cirrhotic patients. Metab Clin Exp 39(1):18–24
Campillo B, Fouet P, Bonnet JC, Atlan G (1990b) Submaximal oxygen consumption in liver cirrhosis. Evidence of severe functional aerobic impairment. J Hepatol 10(2):163–267
Centis E, Marzocchi R, Di Domizio S, Ciaravella MF, Marchesini G (2010) The effect of lifestyle changes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis 28(1):267–273
Cha Y-S, Kim H-Y, Daily J (2003) Exercise-trained but not untrained rats maintain free carnitine reserves during acute exercise. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12(1):120–126
Chang S-P, Chen Y-H, Chang W-C, Liu I-M, Cheng JT (2006) Merit of physical exercise to reverse the higher gene expression of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in obese Zucker rats. Life Sci 79(3):240–246
Chapados NA, Lavoie J-M (2010) Exercise training increases hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress protein expression in MTP-inhibited high-fat fed rats. Cell Biochem Funct 28(3):202–210
Chapados NA, Seelaender M, Levy E, Lavoie J-M (2009) Effects of exercise training on hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein content in rats. Hormone Metabol Res 41(4):287–293
Charbonneau A, Couturier K, Gauthier M-S, Lavoie J-M (2005) Evidence of hepatic glucagon resistance associated with hepatic steatosis: reversal effect of training. Int J Sports Med 26(6):432–441
Chen W, Woodruff TK, Mayo KE (2000) Activin A-induced HepG2 liver cell apoptosis: involvement of activin receptors and smad proteins. Endocrinol 141(3):1263–1272
Chen YW, Nader GA, Baar KR, Federale MJ, Hoffman EP, Esser KA (2002) Response of rat muscle to acute resistance exercise defined by transcriptional and translational profiling. J Physiol 545(Pt 1):27–41
Chen S-M, Liu C-Y, Li S-R, Huang H-T, Tsai C-Y, Jou H-J (2008) Effects of therapeutic lifestyle program on ultrasound-diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Chin Med Assoc 71(11):551–558
Cheung O, Sanyal AJ (2009) Recent advances in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 25(3):230–237
Chowdhury KK, Legare DJ, Lautt WW (2011) Insulin sensitization by voluntary exercise in aging rats is mediated through hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS). Exp Gerontol 46(1):73–80
Chowdhury KK, Legare DJ, Lautt WW (2013) Exercise enhancement of hepatic insulin- sensitising substance-mediated glucose uptake in diet-induced prediabetic rats. Br J Nutr 109(5):844–852
Christensen NJ, Galbo H (1983) Sympathetic nervous activity during exercise. Annu Rev Physiol 45:139–153
Church TS, Kuk JL, Ross R, Priest EL, Biltoff E, Blair DN (2006) Association of cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and waist circumference to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterol 130(7):2023–2030
Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Vitto MF, Luciano TF, Souza DR, Engelmann J, Marques SO, Lira FS, de Pinho RA, Pauli JR, De Souza CT (2012) Reversion of hepatic steatosis by exercise training in obese mice: the role of sterol regulatory element- binding protein-1c. Life Sci 91(11–12):395–401
Coggan AR, Swanson SC, Mendenhall LA, Habash DL, Kien CL (1995) Effect of endurance training on hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during prolonged exercise in men. Am J Physiol 268:E375–E383
Coker RH, Krishna MG, Lacy DB, Bracy DP, Wasserman DH (1997) Role of hepatic alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on hepatic glucose production during heavy exercise. Am J Physiol 273:E831–E838
Coker RH, Williams RH, Yeo SE, Kortebein PM, Bodenner DL, Kern PA, Evans WJ (2009) The impact of exercise training compared to caloric restriction on hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(11):4258–4266
Colombo M, Gregersen S, Kruhoeffer M, Agger A, Xiao J, Jeppesen PB, Orntoft T, Ploug T, Galbo H, Hermansen K (2005) Prevention of hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats by exercise training: effects on gene expression in insulin- sensitive tissues determined by high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Metabolism 54(12):1571–1581
Conjeevaram HS, Tiniakos DG (2011) Editorial: exercise for NAFLD: does intensity matter? Am J Gastroenterol 106(3):470–475
Corriveau P, Paquette A, Brochu M, Prud’homme D, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Lavoie JM (2008) Resistance training prevents liver fat accumulation in ovariectomized rats. Maturitas 59(3):259–267
Crevenna R, Schmidinger M, Keilani M, Nuhr M, Nur H, Zöch C, Zielinski C, Fialka-Moser V, Quittan M (2003) Aerobic exercise as additive palliative treatment for a patient with advanced hepatocellular cancer. Wien Med Wochenschr 153(9–10):237–240
Cullinane E, Siconolfi S, Saritelli A, Thompson PD (1982) Acute decrease in serum triglycerides with exercise—is there a threshold for an exercise effect. Metab Clin Exp 31(8):844–847
da Luz G, Frederico MJS, da Silva S, Vitto MF, Cesconetto PA, de Pinho RA, Pauli JR, Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, De Souza CT (2011) Endurance exercise training ameliorates insulin resistance and reticulum stress in adipose and hepatic tissue in obese rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(9):2015–2023
da Silva LA, Pinho CA, Rocha LG, Tuon T, Silveira PC, Pinho RA (2009) Effect of different models of physical exercise on oxidative stress markers in mouse liver. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34(1):60–65
Daemen MJAP, Thijssen HHW, van Essen H, Vervoort-Peters HT, Prinzen FW, Struyker Boudier HA, Smits JF (1989) Liver blood flow measurement in the rat: the electromagnetic versus the microsphere and clearance methods. J Pharmacol Methods 21(4):287–297
Daggan RN, Zafeiridis A, Dipla K, Puglia CD, Gratz I, Catalano E, Kendrick ZV (2000) The effects of chronic exercise on anaethesia-induced hepatotoxicity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(12):2024–2028
Davies KJ, Quintanilha AT, Brooks GA, Packer L (1982) Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 107(4):1198–1205
de Araújo CC, Silva JD, Samary CS, Guimarães IH, Marques PS, Oliveira GP, do Carmo LGRR, Goldenberg RC, Bakker-Abreu I, Diaz BL, Rocha NN, Capelozzi VL, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM (2012) Regular and moderate exercise before experimental sepsis reduces the risk of lung and distal organ injury. J Appl Physiol 112(7):1206–1214
De Paz JA, Villa JG, Lopez P, Gonzalez-Gallego J (1995) Effects of long-distance running on serum bilirubin. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27(12):1590–1594
de Piano A, de Mello M, Sanches PL, da Silva P, Campos R, Carnier J, Corgosinho F, Foschini D, Masquio D, Tock L, Oyama L, do Nascimento C, Tufik S, Dãmaso AR (2012) Long-term effects of aerobic plus resistance training on the adipokines and neuropeptides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24(11):1313–1324
DeLissio M, Goodyear LJ, Fuller S, Krawitt EL, Devlin JT (1991) Effects of treadmill exercise on fuel metabolism in hepatic cirrhosis. J Appl Physiol 70(1):210–216
Della Corte C, Alisi A, Iorio R, Alterio A, Nobili V (2011) Expert opinion on current therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 12(12):1901–1911
Devries MC, Samjoo IA, Hamadeh MJ, Tarnopolsky MA (2008) Effect of endurance exercise on hepatic lipid content, enzymes, and adiposity in men and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16(10):2281–2288
Dharancy S, Lemyze M, Boleslawski E, Neviere R, Declerck N, Canva V, Wallaert B, Mathurin P, Pruvot FR (2008) Impact of impaired aerobic capacity on liver transplant candidates. Transplantation 86(8):1077–1083
Dohm GL, Kasperek GJ, Barakat HA (1985) Time course of changes in gluconeogenic enzyme activities during exercise and recovery. Am J Physiol 249(1 Pt 1):E6–E11
Domingos MM, Rodrigues MFC, Stotzer US, Bertucci DR, Souza MKC, Marine DA, Gatto CV, de Araujo HSS, De Andrade Perez SE (2012) Resistance training restores the gene expression of molecules related to fat oxidation and lipogenesis in the liver of ovariectomized rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(4):1437–1444
Donovan CM, Pagliassotti MJ (1990) Enhanced efficiency of lactate removal after endurance training. J Appl Physiol 68(3):1053–1058
Donovan CM, Sumida KD (1990) Training improves glucose homeostasis in rats during exercise via glucose production. Am J Physiol 258(3 Pt 2):R770–R778
Døssing M (1985) Effect of acute and chronic exercise on hepatic drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 10(5):426–431
Dowman JK, Armstrong MJ, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN (2011) Current therapeutic strategies in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 13(8):692–702
Dressendorfer RH, Wade CE, Hornick C, Timmis GC (1982) High-density lipoprotein- cholesterol in marathon runners during a 20-day road race. JAMA 247(12):1715–1717
Drouin R, Robert G, Milot M, Massicotte D, Peronnet F, Lavoie C (2004) Swim training increases glucose output from liver perfused in situ with glucagon in fed and fasted rats. Metab Clin Exp 53(8):1027–1031
Ducry JJ, Howald H, Zysset T, Bircher J (1979) Liver function in physically trained subjects. Galactose elimination capacity, plasma disappearance of ICG, and aminopyrine metabolism in long distance runners. Dig Dis Sci 24(3):192–196
Duvnjak M, Tomasic V, Gomercic M, Smircic Duvnjak L, Barsic N, Lerotic I (2009) Therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current status. J Physiol Pharmacol 60(Suppl 7):57–66
Dyke TM, Sams RA, Hinchcliff KW (1998) Intensity-dependent effects of acute submaximal exercise on the pharmacokinetics of bromsulphalein in horses. Am J Vet Res 59(11):1481–1487
Eckard C, Cole R, Lockwood J, Torres DM, Williams CD, Shaw JC, Harrison SA (2013) Prospective histopathologic evaluation of lifestyle modification in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized trial. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 6(4):249–259
Eklöw L, Moldéus P, Orrenius S (1984) Oxidation of glutathione during hydroperoxide metabolism: a study using isolated hepatocytes and the glutathione inhibitor 1,3- bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Eur J Biochem 138(3):459–463
El Midaoui A, Chiasson JL, Tancrede G, Nadeau A (2006) Physical training reverses the increased activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway in chronically diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 290(2):E207–E212
Eran H, Ben-Ari Z, Heled Y, Moran DS, Shani Y, Epstein Y (2004) Liver transplantation in exertional heat stroke: a medical dilemma. Intensive Care Med 30(7):1474–1478
Eslami L, Merat S, Nasseri-Moghaddam S (2009) Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAF LD): a systematic review. Middle East J Dig Dis 1(2):89–99
Fabbri A, Bianchi G, Zoli M, Marchi E, Marchesini G (1991) Effect of physical exercise on one-sample antipyrine clearance. Ital J Gastoenterol 23(2):74–76
Fallon KE, Sivyer G, Sivyer K, Dare A (1999) The biochemistry of runners in a 1600 km ultramarathon. Br J Sports Med 33:264–269
Fealy CE, Haus JM, Solomon TP, Pagadala M, Flask CA, McCullough AJ, Kirwan JP (2012) Short-term exercise reduces markers of hepatocyte apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Appl Physiol 113(1):1–6
Febbraio MA, Ott P, Nielsen HB, Steensberg A, Keller C, Krustrup P, Secher NH, Pedersen BK (2002) Exercise induces hepatosplanchnic release of heat shockprotein 72 in humans. J Physiol 544(Pt 3):957–962
Febbraio MA, Ott P, Nielsen HB, Steensberg A, Keller C, Krustrup P, Secher NH, Pedersen BK (2003) Hepatosplanchnic clearance of interleukin-6 in humans during exercise. Am J Physiol 285(2):E397–E402
Felig P, Wahren J (1971) Amino acid metabolism in exercising man. J Clin Invest 50(12):2703–2712
Fiebig R, Griffiths MA, Gore MT, Baker DH, Oscai L, Ney DM, Ji LL (1998) Exercise training down-regulates hepatic lipogenic enzymes in meal-fed rats: fructose versus complex-carbohydrate diets. J Nutr 128(5):810–817
Fiebig RG, Hollander JM, Ji LL (2001) Exercise down-regulates hepatic fatty acid synthase in stretozotocin-treated rats. J Nutr 131(9):2252–2259
Fiebig RG, Hollander JM, Ney D, Boileau R, Jeffery E, Ji LL (2002) Training down-regulates fatty acid synthase and body fat in obese Zucker rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(7):1106–1114
Fintini D, Pietrobattista A, Morino G, Cafiero G, Calzolari A, Turchetta A, Brufani C, Alisi A, Giordano U, Nobili V (2012) Energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity evaluation in obese children affected by hepatosteatosis. Pediatr Obesity 7(2):e4–e7
Finucane FM, Sharp SJ, Purslow LR, Horton K, Horton J, Savage DB, Brage S, Besson H, De Lucia Rolfe E, Sleigh A, Martin HJ, Aihie Sayer A, Cooper C, Ekelund U, Griffin SJ, Wareham NJ (2010) The effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic risk, insulin sensitivity and intrahepatic lipid in healthy older people from the Hertfordshire cohort study: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetalogia 53(4):624–631
Flamm SD, Taki J, Moore R, Lewis SF, Keech F, Masltais F, Ahmad M, Callahan R, Dragotakes S, Alpert N, Strauss HW (1990) Redistribution of regional and organ blood volume and effect on cardiac function in relation to upright exercise intensity in healthy human subjects. Circulation 81(5):1550–1559
Foigt E, Ekelund L-G, Hultman E (1976) Enzyme activities in hepatic venous blood under strenuous physical exercise. Pflügers Arch 361(3):287–296
Frank S, Somani SM, Konle M (1990) Effect of exercise on propranolol pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 39:391–394
Franzese A, Vajro P, Arngeniziano A, Puzzielo A, Iannucci MP, Saviano MC, Brunetti F, Rubino A (1997) Liver involvement in obese children. Ultrasonography and liver enzyme levels at diagnosis and during follow-up in an Italian population. Dig Dis Sci 42(7):1428–1432
Frenkl R, Gyore A, Szeberenyi S (1980) The effect of muscular exercise on the microsomal enzyme system of the rat liver. Eur J Appl Physiol 44(2):135–140
Friedman JE (1994) Role of glucocorticoids in activation of hepatic PEPCK gene transcription during exercise. Am J Physiol 266(4 Pt 1):E560–E566
Frith J, Day CP, Robinson L, Elliott C, Jones DEJ, Newton JL (2010) Potential strategies to improve uptake of exercise interventions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 52(1):112–116
Fritsche L, Weigert C, Haring HU, Lehrmann R (2008) How insulin receptor substrate proteins regulate the metabolic capacity of the liver-implications for health and disease. Curr Med Chem 15(13):1316–1329
Fritsche L, Hoene M, Lehmann R, Ellingsgaard H, Hennige AM, Pohl AK, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Weigert C (2010) IL-6 deficiency in mice neither impairs induction of metabolic genes in the liver nor affects blood glucose levels during fasting and moderately intense exercise. Diabetologia 53(8):1732–1744
Froelich JE, Strauss HW, Moore RH, McKusick KA (1988) Redistribution of visceral blood volume in upright exercise in healthy volunteers. J Nucl Med 29(10):1714–1718
Fuwii M, Isikawa M, Iuchi M, Tashiro S (2005) Effect of follistatin on liver regeneration and tumor growth after portal occlusion. Hepatogastroenterol 52(63):833–838
Garcia-Pagan JC, Santos C, Barbera JA, Luca A, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Bosch J, Rodes J (1996) Physical exercise increases portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastroenterol 111(5):1300–1306
Gauthier M-S, Couturier K, Latour J-G, Lavoie J-M (2003) Concurrent exercise prevents high-fat-diet-induced macrovesicular hepatic steatosis. J Appl Physiol 94(6):2127–2134
Gauthier M-S, Couturier K, Charbonneau A, Lavoie J-M (2004) Effects of introducing physical training in the course of a 16-week high-fat diet regimen on hepatic steatosis, adipose tissue fat accumulation, and plasma lipid profile. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28(8):1064–1071
Gerber L, Otgonsuren M, Mishra A, Escheik C, Birerdinc A, Stepanova M, Younossi ZM (2012) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with low level of physical activity: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 36(8):772–781
Ghanbari-Niaki A, Khabazian BM, Hossaini-Kakhak SA, Rahbarizadeh F, Hedayati M (2007) Treadmill exercise enhances ABCA1 expression in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 361(4):841–846
Ghanbari-Niaki A, Fathi R, Kakhak SAH, Farshidi Z, Barmaki S, Rahbarizadeh F, Kraemer RR (2009) Treadmill exercise’s reduction of Agouti-related protein expression in rat liver. Int J Sport Nutr Ex Metab 19(5):473–484
Giercksky T, Boberg KM, Farstad IN, Halvorsen S, Schrumpf E (1999) Severe liver failure in exertional heat stroke. Scand J Gastroenterol 34(8):8245–8827
Godin DV, Garnett ME (1992) Species related variations in anti-oxidant status- II. Differences in susceptibility to oxidative challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol 103(3):743–748
Gonzalez B, Manso R (2004) Induction, modification and accumulation of HSP70s in the rat liver after acute exercise: early and late responses. J Physiol 556(Pt 2):369–385
Goodpaster BH, Delany JP, Otto AD, Kuller L, Vockley J, South-Paul JE, Thomas SB, Brown J, McTigue K, Hames KC, Lang W, Jakicic JM (2010) Effects of diet and physical activity interventions on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in severely obese adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 304(16):1795–1802
Gore M, Fiebig R, Hollander J, Leeuwenburgh C, Ohno H, Ji LL (1998) Endurance training alters antioxidant enzyme gene expression in rat skeletal muscle. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 76(12):1139–1145
Gorski J, Oscai LB, Palmer WK (1990) Hepatic lipid metabolism in exercise and training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22(2):213–221
Griffiths MA, Fiebig RG, Gore MT, Baker DH, Esser K, Oscai L, Ji LL (1996) Exercise down-regulates hepatic lipogenic enzymes in food-deprived and refed rats. J Nutr 126(8):1959–1971
Grønbæk H, Lange A, Birkebæk NH, Holland-Fischer P, Solvig J, HØrlyck A, Kristensen K, Rittig S, Vilstrup H (2012) Effect of a 10-week weight loss camp on fatty liver disease and insulin sensitivity in obese Danish children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54(2):223–228
Gündüz F, Sentürk UK, Kuru O, Aktekin B, Aktekin MR (2004) The effect of one year’s swimming exercise on oxidant and antoxidant capacity in aged rats. Physiol Res 53(2):171–176
Haase TN, Ringholm S, Leick L, Bienso RS, Kiilerich K, Johansen S, Nielsen MM, Wojtaszewski JF, Hidalgo J, Pedersen PA, Pilegaard H (2011) Role of PGC-1 in exercise and fasting-induced adaptations in mouse liver. Am J Physiol 301(5):R1501–R1509
Hallsworth K, Fattakhova G, Hollingsworth K, Thoma C, Moore S, Taylor R, Day C, Trenell M (2011) Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in non- alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut 60(9):1278–1283
Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Wilund KR, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM (2007) Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women. Metab Clin Exp 56(4):444–450
Hammouda O, Chtouru H, Chaouchi A, Chahed H, Ferchichi S, Kallel C, Chamari K, Souissi N (2012) Effect of short-term maximal exercise on biochemical markers of muscle damage, total antioxidant status and homocysteine levels in football players. Asian J Sports Med 3(4):239–246
Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P, Borra R, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Janatuinen T, Heinonen OJ, Kapanen J, Viljanen T, Haaparanta M, Ronnemaa T, Parkkola R, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK (2007) Increased physical activity decreases hepatic free fatty acid uptake: a study in human monozygotic twins. J Physiol 578(Pt 1):347–358
Hansen J, Brandt C, Nielsen AR, Hojman P, Whitham M, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK, Plomgaard P (2011) Exercise induces a marked increase in plasma follistatin: evidence that follistatin is a contraction-induced hepatokine. Endocrinol 152(1):164–171
Hao L, Wang Y, Duan Y, Bu S (2010) Effects of treadmill exercise training on liver fat accumulation and estrogen receptor alpha expression in intact and ovariectomized rats with or without estrogen replacement treatment. Eur J Appl Physiol 109(5):879–886
Haram PM, Kemi OJ, Lee SJ, Bendheim MO, Al-Share QY, Waldum HL, Gilligan LJ, Koch LG, Britton SL, Najjar SM, Wisloff U (2009) Aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise in the metabolic syndrome of rats artificially selected for low aerobic capacity. Cardiovasc Res 81(4):723–732
Hassanein T, Razack A, Gavaler JS, Van Thiel DH (1992) Heatstroke: its clinical and pathological presentation, with particular attention to the liver. Am J Gastroenterol 87(10):1382–1389
Hattar LN, Wilson TA, Tabotabo LA, Smith OB, Abrams SH (2011) Physical activity and nutrition attitudes in obese Hispanic children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 17(39):4396–4403
Haufe S, Engeli S, Budziarek P, Utz W, Schulz-Menger J, Hermsdorf M, Wiesner S, Otto C, Haas V, de Greiff A, Luft FC, Boschmann M, Jordan J (2010) Cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese subjects may be linked through intrahepatic lipid content. Diabetes 59(7):1640–1647
Havel RJ, Kane JP, Balasse EO, Segel N, Basso LV (1970) Splanchnic metabolism of free fatty acids and production of triglycerides of very low density lipoproteins in normotriglyceridemic and hypertriglyceridemic humans. J Clin Invest 49(11):2017–2035
He Y, Zhang H, Fu F (2008) The effects of swimming exercise on high-fat-diet-induced steatohepatitis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 48(2):259–265
Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Muller-Newen G, Schaper F (2003) Principles of interleukin (IL)-6 type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J 374(Pt 1):1–20
Helge JW, Watt PW, Richter EA, Rennie MJ, Kiens B (2001) Fat utilization during exercise: adaptation to a fat-rich diet increases utilization of plasma fatty acids and very low density lipoprotein-triacylglycerol in humans. J Physiol 537(Pt 3):1009–1020
Hickman IJ, Jonsson JR, Prins JB, Ash S, Purdie DM, Clouston AD, Powell EE (2004) Modest weight loss and physical activity in overweight patients with chronic liver disease results in sustained improvements in alanine aminotransferase, fasting insulin, and quality of life. Gut 53(3):413–419
Hittel DS, Axelson M, Sarna N, Shearer J, Huffman KM, Kraus WE (2010) Myostatin decreases with aerobic exercise and associates with insulin resistance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(11):2023–2029
Ho KP, Xiao DS, Ke Y, Oian ZM (2001) Exercise decreases cytosolic aconitase activity in the liver, spleen and bone marrow in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 282(1):264–267
Hoene M, Weigert C (2010) The stress response of the liver to physical exercise. Ex Immunol Rev 16:163–183
Hoene M, Lehmann R, Hennige AM, Pohl AK, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Weigert C (2009) Acute regulation of metabolic genes and insulin receptor substrates in the liver of mice by one single bout of treadmill exercise. J Physiol 587(Pt 1):241–252
Hoene M, Franken H, Fritsche L, Lehmann R, Pohl AK, Häring H-U, Zell A, Schelischer ED, Weigert C (2010) Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in the liver of mice is related to plasma glucose levels after acute exercise. Diabetalogia 53(6):1131–1141
Holly RG, Barnard RJ, Rosenthal M, Applegate E, Pritikin N (1986) Triathlete characterization and response to prolonged strenuous competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18(1):123–127
Holt HN, Wild SH, Wareham N, Ekelund U, Umpleby M, Shojaee-Moradie F, Holt RIG, Phillips DI, Byrne CD (2007) Differential effects of fatness, fitness and physical activity energy expenditure on whole-body, liver and fat insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 50(8):1698–1706
Hong H, Johnson P (1995) Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in exercised and hypertensive rat tissues. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 27(9):923–931
Hsieh SD, Yoshinaga H, Muto T, Sakurai Y (1998) Regular physical activity and coronary risk factors in Japanese men. Circulation 97(7):661–665
Hu Y, Gursoy E, Cardounel A, Kalimi M (2000) Biological effects of single and repeated swimming stress in male rats: beneficial effects of glucocorticoids. Endocrine 13(1):123–129
Hu C, Hoene M, Zhao X, Häring HU, Schleicher E, Lehmann R, Han X, Xu G, Weigert C (2010) Lipidomics analysis reveals efficient storage of hepatic triacylglycerides enriched in unsaturated fatty acids after one bout of exercise in mice. PLoS One 5(10):e13318
Huang H, Iida KT, Sone H, Ajisaka R (2007) The regulation of adiponectin receptor expression by acute exercise in mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 115(7):417–422
Huang C-C, Tsai S-C, Lin W-T (2008) Potential ergogenic effects of l-arginine against oxidative and inflammatory stress induced by acute exercise in aging rats. Exp Gerontol 43(6):571–577
Huang C-C, Lin W-T, Hsu F-L, Tsai PW, Hou CC (2010) Metabolomics investigation of exercise-modulated changes in metabolism in rat liver after exhaustive exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 108(3):557–566
Huang CC, Yang S-C, Chan C-C, Lin W-T (2013) Ganoderma tsugae hepatoprotection against exhaustive exercise-induced liver injury in rats. Molecules 18(2):1741–1754
Hurren NM, Balanos GM, Blannin AK (2011) Is the beneficial effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipaemia partly due to redistribution of blood flow? Clin Sci 120(12):537–548
Jackson KC, Wohlers LM, Valencia AP, Cilenti M, Borengasser SJ, Thyfault JP, Spangenburg EE (2011) Wheel running prevents the accumulation of monounsaturated fatty acids in the liver of ovariectomized mice by attenuating changes in SCD-1 content. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 36(6):798–810
Jakovljevic D, Hallsworth K, Zalewski P, Thoma C, Klawe J, Day C, Newton J, Trenell M (2013) Resistance exercise improves autonomic regulation at rest and haemodynamic response to exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Sci 125(3):143–149
James DE, Kraegen EW (1984) The effect of exercise training on glycogen, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase in muscle and liver. Eur J Appl Physiol 52(3):276–281
Jenkins NT, Hagberg JM (2011) Aerobic training effects on glucose tolerance in prediabetic and normoglycemic humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(12):2231–2240
Jensen MD (1995) Gender differences in regional fatty-acid metabolism before and after meal ingestion. J Clin Invest 96(5):2297–2303
Ji LL, Dillon D, Wu E (1990) Alteration of antioxidant enzymes with aging in skeletal muscle and liver. Am J Physiol 258(4 Pt 2):R918–R923
Jiang Y, Cyress AM, Muse ED, Wu CR, Unson CG, Merrifield RB, Sakmar TP (2001) Glucagon receptor activates extracellular signal-reghulated protein kinase 1/2 via cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(18):10102–10107
Jin YJ, Kim KM, Hwang S, Lee SG, Ha TY, Song GW, Jung DH, Kim KH, Yu E, Shim JH, Lim YS, Lee HC, Chung YH, Lee YS, Suh DJ (2012) Exercise and diet modification in non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: analysis of biopsies of living liver donors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27(8):1341–1347
Johnson NA, George J (2010) Fitness versus fatness: moving beyond weight loss in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol 52(1):370–381
Johnson NA, Sachinwalla T, Walton DW, Smith K, Armstrong A, Thompson MW, George J (2009) Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatol 50(4):1105–1112
Johnson NA, van Overbeek D, Chapman PG, Thompson MW, Sachinwalla T, George J (2012) Effect of prolonged exercise and pre-exercise dietary manipulation on hepatic triglycerides in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(5):1817–1825
Jones JC, Coombes JS, Macdonald GA (2012) Exercise capacity and muscle strength in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 18(2):146–151
Kang JH, Greenson JK, Omo JT, Chao C, Peterman D, Anderson L, Foess-Wood L, Sherbondy MA, Conjeevaram HS (2006) Metabolic syndrome is associated with greater histologic severity, higher carbohydrate, and lower fat diet in patients with NAFLD. Am J Gastroenterol 101(10):2247–2253
Kantartzis K, Thamer C, Peter A, Machann J, Schick F, Schraml C, Konigsrainer A, Konigsrainer I, Krober S, Niess A, Fritsche A, Haring H-U, Stefan N (2009) High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction in liver fat during a lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 58(9):1281–1288
Katsanos CS (2004) Lipid-induced insulin resistance in the liver: role of exercise. Sports Med 34(14):955–965
Katz M, Bergman EN (1969) Simultaneous measurements of hepatic and portal venous blood flow in the sheep and dog. Am J Physiol 216(4):946–952
Kawaguchi T, Shiba N, Maeda T, Matsugaki T, Takano Y, Itou M, Sakata M, Taniguchi E, Nagata K, Sata M (2011) Hybrid training of voluntary and electrical muscle contractions reduces steatosis, insulin resistance, and IL-6 levels in patients with NAFLD: a pilot study. J Gastroenterol 46(6):746–757
Kawanishi N, Yano H, Mizokami T, Takahashi M, Oyanagi E, Suzuki K (2012) Exercise training attenuates hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration during diet induced-obesity in mice. Brain Behav Immun 26(6):931–941
Kayashima S, Ohno H, Fujioka T, Taniguchi N, Nagata N (1995) Leucocytosis as a marker of organ damage induced by chronic strenuous physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 70(5):413–420
Kayatekin BM, Gonenc S, Acikgoz O, Uysal N, Dayi A (2002) Effects of sprint exercise on oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and liver. Eur J Appl Physiol 87(2):141–144
Keating SE, Hackett DA, George J, Johnson NA (2012) Exercise and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 57(1):157–166
Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV (2005) Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obesity 29(8):881–893
Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Franklin B (2006) Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 26(3):131–139
Kelly M, Keller C, Avilucea PR, Keller P, Luo Z, Xiang X, Giralt M, Hidalgo J, Saha AK, Pedersen BK, Ruderman NB (2004) AMPK activity is diminished in tissues of IL-6 knockout mice: the effect of exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 320(2):449–454
Kemme MJ, Burggraaf J, Schoemaker RC, Paulson S, Karim A, Lentjes EG, Childs A, Braekman RA, Cohen AF (2000) The influence of reduced liver blood flow on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Clin Pharmacol Ther 67(5):504–511
Khanna S, Atalay M, Lodge JK, Laaksonen DE, Roy S, Hanninen O, Packer L, Sen CK (1998) Skeletal muscle and liver lipoyllysine content in response to exercise, training and dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. Biochem Mol Biol Intern 46(2):297–306
Khazaeinia T, Ramsey AA, Tam YK (2000) The effects of exercise on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. J Pharm Pharm Sci 3(3):292–302
Kiens B (1993) Skeletal muscle substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in man: effect of endurance training. J Physiol 469:459–478
Kindermann W, Salas-Fraire, Sroka G, Miller U (1983) Serum enzymverhalten nach korperlicher Belastung—Abgrenzung von krankheitsbedingten Veranderungen (serum enzyme content after physical activity- demarcation of disease-related changes). Herz 3:117–123
Kiraly MA, Campbell J, Park EB, Bates HE, Yue JTY, Rao VM, Matthews SG, Bikopoulos G, Rozakis-Adcock M, Giacca A, Vranic M, Riddell MC (2010) Exercise maintains euglycemia in association with decreased activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the liver of ZDF rats. Am J Physiol 298(3):E671–E682
Kistler KD, Brunt EM, Clark JM, Diehl AM, Sallis JF (2011) Physical activity recommendations, exercise intensity, and histological severity of nonalcoholic f atty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 106(3):470–475
Kjaer M (1998) Hepatic glucose production during exercise. Adv Exp Med Biol 441:117–127
Kjaer M, Engfred K, Fernandes A, Secher NH, Galbo H (1993) Regulation of hepatic glucose production during exercise in humans: role of sympathoadrenergic activity. Am J Physiol 265(2 Pt 1):E275–E283
Klein S, Peters EJ, Holland OB, Wolfe RR (1989) Effect of short-term and long-term beta-adrenergic-blockade on lipolysis during fasting in humans. Am J Phsiol 257(1):E65–E73
Klotz U, Lűcke C (1978) Physical exercise and disposition of diazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 5(4):349–350
Koot BGP, van der Baan-Slootweg OH, Tamminga-Smeulders CLJ, Rijcken THP, Pels TH, Korevaar JC, van Aalderen WM, Jansen PLM, Benninga MA (2011) Lifestyle intervention for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: prospective cohort study of its efficacy and factors related to improvement. Arch Dis Child 96(7):669–674
Korenblat KM, Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Klein S (2008) Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin action is directly related to intrahepatic triglyceride content in obese subjects. Gastroenterol 134(5):1369–1375
Kotronen A, Juurinen L, Tiikkainen M, Vehkavaara S, Yki-Järvinen H (2008) Increased liver fat, impaired insulin clearance, and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Gastroenterol 135(1):122–130
Koutedakis Y, Raafat A, Sharp NC, Rosmarin MN, Beard MJ, Robbins SW (1993) Serum enzyme activities in individuals with different levels of physical fitness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 33(3):252–257
Koyama K, Kaya M, Ishigaki T, Tsujita J, Hori S, Seino T, Kasugai A (1999) Role of xanthine oxidase in delayed lipid peroxidation in rat liver induced by acute exhausting exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 80(1):28–33
Krasnoff JB, Painter PL, Wallace JP, Bass NM, Merriman RB (2008) Health-related fitness and physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol 47(4):1158–1166
Kratz A, Lewandrowski KB, Siegel AJ, Chun KY, Flood JG, Van Cott EM, Lee-Lewandrowski E (2002) Effect of marathon running on hematologic and biochemical laboratory parameters, including cardiac markers. Am J Clin Pathol 118(6):856–863
Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, McCartney JS, Bales CW, Henes S, Samsa GP, Otvos JD, Kulkarni KR, Slentz CA (2002) Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 347(19):1483–1492
Kregel KC, Moseley PL (1996) Differential effects of exercise and heat stress on liver HSP70 accumulation with aging. J Appl Physiol 80(2):547–551
Kugelmas M, Hill DB, Vivian B, Marsano L, McCalin CJ (2003) Cytokines and NASH: a pilot study of the effects of lifestyle modification and vitamin E. Hepatol 38(2):413–419
Kuk JL, Nichaman MZ, Church TS, Blair DN, Ross R (2004) Liver fat is not a marker of metabolic risk in lean premenopausal women. Metabolism 53(8):1066–1071
Larson-Meyer DE, Newcomer BR, Heilbrunn LK, Volaufova J, Smith SR, Alfonso AJ, Lefevre M, Rood JC, Williamson DA, Ravussin E, Pennington CALERIE Team (2008) Effect of 6-month calorie restriction and exercise on serum and liver lipids and markers of liver function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16(6):1355–1362
Latour MG, Brault A, Huet PM, Lavoie JM (1999) Effects of acute physical exercise on hepatocyte volume and fuction in rat. Am J Physiol 276(5 Pt 2):R1258–R1264
Lavoie JM (2002) The contribution of afferent signals from the liver to metabolic regulation during exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 80(11):1035–1044
Lavoie JM, Gauthier MS (2006) Regulation of fat metabolism in the liver: link to non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and impact of physical exercise. Cell Mol Life Sci 63(12):1393–1409
Lavoie JM, Fillon Y, Couturier K, Corriveau P (2002) Evidence that the decrease in liver glycogen is associated with the exercise-induced decrease increase in IGFBP-1. J Appl Physiol 93(2):798–804
Lawlor DA, Sattar N, Smith GD, Ebrahim S (2005) The associations of physical activity and adiposity with alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase. Am J Epidemiol 161(11):1081–1088
Lazo M, Solga SF, Horska A, Bonekamp S, Diehl AM, Brancati FL, Clark JM, Look Ahead Research Group (2008) The effect of one year of intensive lifestyle intervention on hepatic steatosis. Hepatol 48:813A
Lee KY, Kim SJ, Cha YS, So JR, Park JS, Kang KS, Chon TW (2006) Effect of exercise on hepatic gene expression in an obese mouse model using cDNA microarrays. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14(8):1294–1302
Lee YS, Kek BLK, Poh LKS, Saw SM, Loke KY (2008) Association of raised liver transaminases with physical inactivity, increased waist-hip ratio, and other metabolic morbidities in severely obese children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47(2):172–178
Lee S, Bacha F, Hannon T, Kuk JL, Boesch C, Arslanian S (2012) Effects of aerobic versus resistance exercise without caloric restriction on abdominal fat, intrahepatic lipid, and insulin sensitivity in obese adolescent boys: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes 61(11):2787–2795
Légaré A, Drouin R, Milot M, Massicotte D, Peronnet F, Massicotte G, Lavoie C (2001) Increased density of glucagon receptors in liver from endurance-trained rats. Am J Physiol 280(1):E193–E196
Leite RD, Prestes J, Bernardes CF, Shiguemoto GE, Pereira GB, Duarte JO, Domingos MM, Baldissera V, de Perez ASE (2009) Effects of ovariectomy and resistance training on lipid content in skeletal muscle, liver, and heart; fat depots; and lipid profile. App Physiol Nutr Metab 34(6):1079–1086
Leme JACA, Silveira RF, Gomes RJ, Moura RF, Sibuya CA, Mello MAR, Luciano E (2009) Long-term physical training increases liver IGF-I in diabetic rats. Growth Horm Igf Res 19(3):262–266
Lemon PW, Nagle FJ (1981) Effect of exercise on protein and amino acid metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 13(3):141–149
Leskinen T, Sipilä S, Alen M, Cheng S, Pietiläinen KH, Usenius JP, Suominen H, Kovanen V, Kainukainen H, Kaprio J, Kujala UM (2009) Leisure-time physical activity and high-risk fat: a longitudinal population-based twin study. Int J Obes (Lond) 33(11):1211–1218
Leu JI, George DL (2007) Hepatic IGFBP-1 is a prosurvival factor that binds BAK, protects the liver from apoptosis, and antagonizes the proapoptotic actions of p53 at mitochondria. Genes Dev 21(23):3095–3109
Levinger I, Goodman C, Peake J, Garnham A, Hare DL, Jerums G, Selig S (2009) Inflammation, hepatic enzymes and resistance training in individuals with metabolic risk factors. Diabetes Med 26(3):220–227
Li Z, Murakami T, Nakai N, Nagasaki M, Obayashi M, Xu M, Sato J, Oshida Y, Sato Y, Shimomura Y (2001) Modification by exercise training of activity and enzyme expression of hepatic branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Sci Vitamniol (Tokyo) 47(5):345–350
Linden MA, Meers GM, Ruebl ML, Jenkins NT, Booth FW, Laughlin MH, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Rectir RS (2013) Hepatic steatosis development with 4 weeks of physical inactivity in previously active, hyperphagic OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 304(9):R763–R771
Lindfeldt J, Balkan B, van Dijk G, Scheurink A, Ahren B, Steffens AB (1993) Influence of peri-arterial hepatic denervation on the glycemic response to exercise in rats. J Auton Nerv Syst 44(1):45–52
Lippi G, Schena F, Montagnana M, Salvagno GL, Banfi G, Guidi GC (2011) Significant variation of traditional markers of liver injury after a half-marathon run. Eur J Int Med 22(5):e36–e38
Litvinova L, Viru A (1995) Effect of exercise and adrenal insufficiency on urea production in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 70(6):536–540
Liu J, Yeo HC, Overvik-Douki E, Hagen T, Doniger SJ, Chyu DW, Brooks GA, Ames BN (2000) Chronically and acutely exercised rats: biomarkers of oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants. J Appl Physiol 89(1):21–28
Long D, Blake M, McNaughton L, Angle B (1990) Hematological and biochemical changes during a short triathlon competition in novice triathletes. Eu J Appl Physiol 61(1–2):93–99
Loniewski I, Sawrymowicz M, Pawlik A, Wojcicki J, Drozdzik M (2001) Lack of effect of physical exercise on pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen tablets in healthy subjects. Acta Pol Pharm 58(2):141–144
Lundbergh P, Strandell T (1974) Changes in hepatic circulation at rest, during and after exercise in young males with infectious hepatitis compared with controls. Acta Med Scand 196(4):315–325
Mager DR, Patterson C, So S, Rogenstein CD, Wykes LJ, Roberts EA (2010) Dietary and physical activity patterns in children with fatty liver. Eur J Clin Nutr 64(6):628–635
Magkos F, Patterson BW, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B (2007) A single 1-h bout of evening exercise increases basal FFA flux without affecting VLDL-triglyceride and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in untrained lean men. Am J Physiol 292(6):E1568–E1574
Magkos F, Patterson BW, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B (2009) Basal adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics are not affected by a single exercise bout of moderate duration and intensity in sedentary women. Clin Sci (Lond) 116(4):327–334
Malhi N, Kaufman RJ (2011) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease. J Hepatol 54(4):795–809
Malinoski FJ (1992) Strenuous exercise simulating hepatic injury during vaccine trials. Vaccine 10(1):39–42
Margaritis I, Tessier F, Richard MJ, Marconnet P (1997) No evidence of oxidative stress after a triathlon race in highly trained competitors. Int J Sports Med 18(3):186–190
Marinho R, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, De Souza CT, Da Silva ASR, Bertoli FC, Colantonio E, D’Almeida V, Pauli JR (2012) Endurance exercise training increases APPL1 expression and improves insulin signaling in the hepatic tissue of diet-induced obese mice, independently of weight loss. J Cell Physiol 227(7):2917–2926
Marques CMM, Motta VF, Torres TS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA (2010) Beneficial effects of exercise training (treadmill) on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat fed C57BL/6 mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 43(5):467–475
Martin WH, Dalsky GP, Hurley BF, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Hagberg JM, Rogers MA, King DS, Holloszy JO (1993) Effect of endurance training on plasma free fatty acid turnover and oxidation during exercise. Am J Physiol 265(5 Pt 1):E708–E714
Mauriz JL, Tabernero B, Garcia-Lopez J (2000) Physical exercise and improvement of liver oxidative metabolism in the elderly. Eur J Appl Physiol 81(1–2):62–66
McMillan KP, Kuk JL, Church TS, Blair DN, Ross R (2007) Independent associations between liver fat, visceral adipose tissue, and metabolic risk factors in men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32(2):265–272
Meek SE, Nair KS, Jensen MD (1999) Insulin regulation of regional free fatty acid metabolism. Diabetes 48(1):10–14
Mena P, Maynar M, Campillo JE (1996) Changes in plasma enzyme activities in professional racing cyclists. Br J Sports Med 30(2):122–124
Mencin AA, Lavine JE (2011) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14(2):151–157
Mikami T, Sumida S, Ishibashi Y, Ohta S (2004) Endurance exercise training inhibits activity of plasma GOT and liver caspase-3 of mice [correction of rats] exposed to stress by induction of heat shock protein 70. J Appl Physiol 96(5):1776–1781
Miura H, Yoshimoto H, Kitamura S, Yamada H (2010) Fulminant hepatic failure accompanied by fatal rhabdomyolysis following exertional heatstroke. Clin J Gastroenterol 3:318–323
Mondon CE, Dolkas CB, Reaven GM (1980) Site of enhanced insulin sensitivity in exercise-trained rats at rest. Am J Physiol 239(3):E169–E177
Moon J, Kallman J, Winter P, Srishord M, Fang Y, Gerber L, Younossi Z (2012a) Disparities in activity level and nutrition between patients with chronic hepatitis C and blood donors. PM R 4(6):436–441
Moon MK, Cho BJ, Lee YJ, Choi SH, Lim S, Park KS, Park YJ, Jang HC (2012b) The effects of chronic exercise on the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α are different with age. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 37(4):631–636
Mooy J, Arends B, Kaminade JV, Boehm R, Rahn KM, Baak MV (1986) Influence of prolonged submaximal exercise on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 8(5):940–942
Moses FM (1990) The effects of exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Sports Med 9(3):159–172
Moura LP, Puga GM, Beck WR, Teixeira IP, Ghezzi AC, Silva GA, Mello MAR (2011) Exercise and spirulina control non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and lipid profile in diabetic Wistar rats. Lipids Health Dis 10:77 (On-line publication)
Mukherjee A, Sidis Y, Mahan A, Raher MJ, Xia Y, Rosen ED, Bloch KD, Thomas MK, Schneyer AL (2007) FSTL3 deletion reveals roles for TGF-beta family ligands in glucose and fat homeostasis in adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(4):1348–1353
Murakami T, Shimomura Y, Fujitsuka N, Sokabe M, Okamura K, Sakamoto S (1997) Enlargement glycogen store in rat liver and muscle by fructose-diet intake and exercise training. J Appl Physiol 82(3):772–775
Musso G, Cassader M, Rosina F, Gambino R (2012) Impact of current treatments on liver disease, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysisof randomised trials. Diabetalogia 55(4):885–904
Nagel D, Seiler D, Franz H, Jung K (1990) Ultra-long distance running and the liver. Int J Sports Med 11(6):441–445
Nannipierri M, Gonzales C, Baldi S, Posadas R, Williams K, Haffner SM, Stern MP, Ferrannini E, Mexico Diabetes Study (2005) Liver enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and incident diabetes the Mexico city diabetes study. Diabetes Care 28(7):1757–1762
Nathwani RA, Pais S, Reynolds TB, Kaplowitz N (2005) Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases. Hepatol 41(2):380–382
Navarro A, Gomez C, López-Cepero JM, Boveris A (2003) Beneficial effects of moderate exercise on mice aging: survival, behavior, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial electron transfer. Am J Physiol 286(3):R505–R511
Neubauer O, König D, Kern N, Nics L, Wagner KH (2008) No indications of persistent oxidative stress in response to an ironman triathlon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40(12):2119–2228
Newton JL, Jones DEJ, Henderson E, Kane L, Wilton K, Burt AD, Day CP (2008) Fatigue in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significant and associates with inactivity and excessive daytime sleepiness but not with liver disease severity or insulin resistance. Gut 57(6):807–813
Nguyen-Duy TB, Nichaman MZ, Church TS, Blair DN, Ross R (2003) Visceral fat and liver fat are independent predictors of metabolic risk factors in men. Am J Physiol 284(6):E1065–E1071
Nielsen HB, Febbraio MA, Ott P, Krustrup P, Secher NH (2007) Hepatic lactate uptake versus leg lactate output during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 103(4):1227–1233
Nilssen O, Forde OH, Brenn T (1990) The TromsØ study. Distribution and population determinants of gamma-glutamyl transferase. Am J Epidemiol 132(2):318–326
Nishida Y, Matsubara T, Tobina T, Shindo M, Tokuyama K, Tanaka K, Tanaka H (2010) Effect of low-intensity aerobic exercise on insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in healthy men. Int J Endocrinol 2010.pii:452820 (On-line publication)
Nizielski SE, Arizmendi C, Shteyngarts AR, Farrell CJ, Friedman JE (1996) Involvement of transcription factor C/EBP-beta in stimulation of PEPCK gene expression during exercise. Am J Physiol 270(5 Pt 2):R1005–R1012
Noakes TD, Carter JW (1976) Biochemical parameters in athletes before and having run 160 kilometres. S Afr Med J 50(40):1562–1566
Noakes TD, Carter JW (1982) The responses of plama biochemical parameters to a 56 km race in novice and experienced ultramarathoners. Eur J Appl Physiol 49(2):179–186
Nobili V, Sanyal AJ (2012) Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and children: a closer look at the arsenal. J Gastroenterol 47(1):29–36
Nobili V, Manco M, Devito R, Di Commo V, Comparcola D, Sartorelli MR, Piemonte F, Marcellini M, Angulo P (2008) Lifestyle intervention and antioxidant therapy in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatol 48(1):119–128
Nobili V, Carter-Kent C, Feldstein AE (2011) The role of lifestyle changes in the management of chronic liver disease. BMC Medicine 9:70 (On-line publication)
Ochiai M, Matsuo T (2012) Increased stearoyl-CoA desaturase index and triglyceride content in the liver of rats after a single bout of swimming exercise. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 76(7):1350–1355
O’Donovan G, Thomas EL, McCarthy JP, Fitzpatrick J, Durigfhel G, Mehta S, Morin SX (2009) Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit. Int J Obesity (Lond) 33(12):1356–1362
Ogonovszky H, Sasvari M, Dosek A, Berkes I, Kaneko T, Tahara S, Nakamoto H, Goto S, Radak Z (2005) The effects of moderate, strenuous and overtraining on oxidative stress markers and DNA repair in the rat liver. Can J Appl Physiol 30(2):186–195
Ohno H, Yahata T, Yamashita K, Yamamura K, Sato Y, Yamamoto C, Hayamizu S, Taniguchi N (1988) Effect of physical training on immunoreactive gamma- glutamyltransferase in human plasma. Enzyme 39(2):110–114
Orioli S, Bandinelli I, Birardi A, Chieca R, Buzzelli G, Chiarantini E (1990) Hepatic antipyrine metabolism in athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 30(3):261–263
Oza N, Eguchi Y, Mizuta T, Ishibashi E, Kitajima Y, Horie H, Ushirogawa M, Tsuzura T, Nakashita S, Takahashi H, Kawaguchi Y, Oda Y, Iwakiri R, Ozaki I, Eguchi T, Ono N, Fujimoto K (2009) A pilot trial of body weight reduction for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with a home-based lifestyle modification intervention delivered in collaboration with interdisciplinary medical staff. J Gastroenterol 44(12):1203–1208
Panton LB, Guillen GJ, Williams L, Graves JE, Vivas C, Cediel M, Pollock ML, Garzarella L, Krumerman J, Derendorf H et al (1995) The lack of effect of aerobic exercise training on propranolol pharmacokinetics in young and elderly adults. J Clin Pharmacol 35(9):885–894
Paquette AW, Wang D, Gauthier MS, Prud’homme D, Jankowski M, Gutkowska J, Lavoie JM (2007) Specific adaptations of estrogen receptor alpha and beta transcripts in liver and heart after endurance training in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 306(1–2):179–187
Park S, Hong SM, Lee JE, Sung SR (2007) Chlorpromazine exacerbates hepatic insulin sensitivity via attenuating insulin and leptin signaling pathway, while exercise partially reverses the adverse effects. Life Sci 80(26):2428–2435
Pedersen L, Pilegaard H, Hansen J, Brandt C, Adser H, Hidalgo J, Olesen J, Pedersen BK, Hojman P (2011) Exercise-induced liver chemokine CXCL-1 expression is linked to muscle-derived interleukin-6 expression. J Physiol 589(Pt 6):1409–1420
Peeling P (2010) Exercise as a mediator of hepcidin activity in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 110(5):877–883
Peijie C, Zicai D, Haowen X, Renbao X (2004) Effects of chronic and acute training on glucocorticoid receptors concentrations in rats. Life Sci 75(11):1303–1311
Perseghin G, Lattuada G, De Cobelli F, Ragogna F, Ntali G, Esposito A, Belloni E, Canu T, Terruzzi I, Scifo P, Del Maschio A, Luzi L (2007) Habitual physical activity is associated with intrahepatic fat content in humans. Diabetes Care 30(3):683–688
Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Lehrke M, Hendler RE, Shulman GI (2005) Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54(3):603–608
Peterson KF, Price TB, Bergeron R (2004) Regulation of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during exercise: impact of type I diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(9):4656–4664
Petridou A, Nikolaidis MG, Matsakas A, Schulz T, Michna H, Mougios V (2005) Effect of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of lipid classes in rat liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Eur J Appl Physiol 94(1–2):84–92
Pettersson J, Hindorf U, Persson P, Bengtsson T, Malmqvist U, Werkstrom V, Ekelund M (2008) Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men. Br J Clin Pathol 65(2):253–259
Pieber K, Crevenna R, Nuhr MJ, Quittan M, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Fialka-Moser V, Wiesinger GF (2006) Aerobic capacity, muscle strength and health-related quality of life before and after orthotopic liver transplantation: preliminary data of an Austrian transplantation centre. J Rehab Med 38(5):322–328
Pighon A, Paquette A, Barsalani R et al (2009a) Substituting food restriction by resistance training prevents liver and body fat regain in ovariectomized rats. Climacteric 12(2):153–164
Pighon A, Paquette A, Barsalania R, Chapadosa NA, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Yasari S, Prud’hommec D, Lavoie JM (2009b) Resistance training attenuates fat mass regain after weight loss in ovariectomized rats. Maturitas 64(1):52–57
Pighon A, Gutkowska J, Jankowski M, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Lavoie JM (2011) Exercise training in ovariectomized rats stimulates estrogenic-like effects on expression of genes involved in lipid accumulation and subclinical inflammation in liver. Metab Clin Exp 60(5):629–639
Pinho RA, Silva LA, Pinho CA, Scheffer DL, Souza CT, Benetti M, Carvalho T, Dal-Pizzol F (2010) Oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters after an Ironman race. Clin J Sports Med 20(4):306–311
Pintus F, Mascia P (1996) Distribution and population determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase in a random sample of Sardinian inhabitants. ATS-SARDEGNA Research Group. Eur J Epidemiol 12(1):71–76
Podolin DA, Wills BK, Wood IO, Lopez M, Mazzeo RS, Roth DA (2001) Attenuation of age-related declines in glucagon-mediated signal transduction in rat liver by exercise training. Am J Physiol 281(3):E516–E523
Praphatsorn P, Thong-Ngam D, Kulaputana O, Klaikcaw N (2010) Effects of intense exercise on biochemical and histological changes in rat liver and pancreas. Asian Biomed 4(4):619–625
Prior SJ, Jenkins NT, Brandauer J, Weiss EP, Hagberg JM (2012) Aerobic exercise training increases circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 concentration, but does not attenuate the reduction in circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 after a high-fat meal. Metabolism 61(3):310–316
Promrat K, Kleiner DE, Niemeier HM, Jackvony E, Kearns M, Wands JR, Fava J, Wing RR (2010) Randomized controlled trial testing the effect of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASSH). Hepatol 51(1):121–129
Radak Z, Chung HY, Naito H, Takahashi K, Jung KJ, Kim HJ, Goto S (2004) Age-associated increase in oxidative stress and nuclear factor B activation are attenuated in rat liver by regular exercise. FASEB J 18(6):749–750
Rama R, Ibáñez J, Riera M, Prats MT, Pagés T, Palacios L (1994) Hematological, electrolyte, and biochemical alterations after a 100-km run. Can J Appl Physiol 19(4):411–420
Rao R (2009) Endotoxemia and gut barrier disease in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatol 50:638–644
Rector SR, Thyfault JP (2011) Does physical inactivity cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? J Appl Physiol 111(6):1828–1835
Rector RS, Thyfault JP, Laye MJ, Morris RT, Borengasser SJ, Uptergrove GM, Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW, Ibdah JA (2008) Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. J Physiol 586(Pt 17):4241–4249
Rector RS, Uptergrove GM, Morris EM, Borengasser SJ, Laughlin MH, Booth FW, Thyfault JP, Ibdah JA (2011) Daily exercise vs. caloric restriction for prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the OLETF rat model. Am J Physiol 300(5):G874–G883
Reddy Avula CP, Ferandes G (1999) Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in salivary gland and other tissues in mice by moderate treadmill exercise. Aging (Milano) 11(4):246–252
Reynoso E, Lavine JE (2012) NAFLD: the role of exercise in treating NAFLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9(7):368–370
Richards D, Richards R, Schofield PJ, Ross V (1979) Biochemical and haematological changes in Sydney’s the sun city-to-surf fun runners. Med J Austral 2(9):449–453
Ringseis R, Mooren FC, Keller J, Couturier A, Wen G, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Eder K, Kruger K (2011) Regular endurance exercise improves the diminished hepatic carnitine status in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 55(Suppl 2):S193–S202
Ritland S, Foss NE, Gjone E (1982) Physical activity and liver disease and liver function. Scand J Soc Med 29:221–226
Ritland S, Petlund CF, Knudsen T, Skrede S (1983) Improvement of physical capacity after long-term training in patients with chronic active hepatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 18(8):1083–1087
Robinson D, Whitehead TP (1989) Effect of body mass and other factors on serum liver enzyme levels in men attending for well population screening. Ann Clin Biochem 26(Pt 5):393–400
Rodriguez B, Torres DM, Harrison SA (2012) Physical activity: an essential component of lifestyle modification in NAFLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9(12):726–731
Roecker L, Meier-Buttermilch R, Brechtel L, Nemeth E, Ganz T (2005) Iron-regulatory protein hepcidin is increased in female athletes after a marathon. Eur J Appl Physiol 95(5–6):569–571
Rohrer TR, Rizzo VF, Casar JJ, Muelbredt O, Sprengart S, Gortner L, Stierkorb E (2008) Changes in hepatic risk factors, metabolic variables, body composition, and physical fitness in obese children after a one-year weight loss program. J Pediatr Endocrinol 21(9):837–845
Romani R, De Medio GE, di Tullio S, Lapalombella R, Pirisinu I, Margonato V, Veicsteinas A, Marini M, Rosi G (2009) Modulation of paraoxonase 1 and 3 expression after moderate exercise training in the rat. J Lipid Res 50(10):2036–2045
Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A, Horowitz JF, Endert E, Wolfe RR (1993) Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Am J Physiol 265(3 Pt 1):E380–E391
Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Cintra DE, Frederico MJ, de Pinho RA, Velloso LA, De Souza CT (2009) Acute exercise modulates the Foxo1/PGC-1alpha pathway in the liver of diet-induced obesity rats. J Physiol 587(Pt 9):2069–2076
Rosales XQ, Chu ML, Shilling C, Wall C, Pastores GM, Mendell JR (2008) Fidelity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in differentiating skeletal muscle from liver damage. J Child Neurol 23(7):748–751
Rowell LB (1971) Visceral blood flow and metabolism during exercise. In: Shephard RJ (ed) Frontiers of fitness. CC Thomas, Springfield, pp 210–232
Rowell LB (1974) Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 54(1):75–159
Rowell LB (1986) Human circulation: regulation during physical stress. Oxford University, New York
Rowell LB, Blackmon JR, Bruce RA (1964) Indocyanine green clearance and estimated hepatic blood flow during mild to maximal exercise in upright man. J Clin Invest 43:1677–1690
Saengsirisuwan V, Phadungkij S, Pholpramool C (1998) Renal and liver functions and muscle injuries in Thai boxers during training and after competition. Br J Sports Med 32(4):304–308
Salo DC, Donovan CM, Davies KJ (1991) HSP70 and other possible heat shock or oxidative stress proteins are induced in muscle, heart and liver during exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 11(3):239–246
Santomauro M, Paoli-Valeri M, Fernandez M, Camacho N, Molina Z, Cicchetti R, Valeri L, Davila de Campagnaro E, Arata-Bellabarba G (2012) Enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico y su asociación con variables clínicas y bioquímicas en los niños y adolescentes obesos: efecto de una intervención de un año en el estilo de vida. [Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with clinical and biochemical variables in obese children and adolescents: effect of a one-year intervention on lifestyle]. Endocrinol Nutr 59(6):346–353
Schäfer S, Kantartzis K, Machann J, Venter C, Niess A, Schick F, Machicao F, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Stefan N (2007) Lifestyle intervention in individuals with normal versus impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Clin Invest 37(7):535–543
Schoemaker RC, Burggraaf J, Cohen AF (1998) Assessment of hepatic blood flow using continuous infusion of high clearance drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 45(5):463–469
Schultz A, Mendonca LS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA (2012) Swimming training beneficial effects in a mice model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Toxicol Pathol 64(4):273–282
Schwarz AJ, Brasel JA, Hintz RL, Mohan S, Cooper DM (1996) Acute effect of brief low- and high-intensity exercise on circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, II, and IGF-binding protein-3 and its proteolysis in young healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(10):3492–3497
Sen CK, Marin E, Kretzschmar M, Hanninen O (1992) Skeletal muscle and liver glutathione homeostasis in response to training, exercise, and immobilization. J Appl Physiol 73(4):1265–1272
Sene-Fiorese M, Duarte FO, Scarmagnani FRR, Cheik NC, Manzoni MSJ, Nonaka KO, Rossi EA, De Oliveira Duarte ACG, Damaso AR (2009) Efficiency of intermittent exercise on adiposity and fatty liver in rats fed with high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16(10):2217–2222
Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Hakkinen AM, Goto T, Westerbacka J, Sovijari A, Halavaara J, Yki-Järvinen H (2007) Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(7):3023–3028
Shah K, Stufflebam A, Hilton TN, Sinacore DR, Klein S, Villareal DT (2009) Diet and exercise interventions reduce intrahepatic fat content and improve insulin sensitivity in obese older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17(12):2162–2168
Shapiro Y, Magazanik A, Sohar E, Reich CB (1973) Serum enzyme changes in untrained subjects following a prolonged march. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 51(4):271–276
Shephard RJ (1982) Physiology and biochemistry of exercise. Praeger Publications, New York
Shephard RJ (2013) Are the abdominal viscera important to the sport physician? Esophagus, stomach, intestines, spleen and pancreas. In: Shephard RJ et al (eds) Year book of sports medicine. Elsevier, Philadelphia
Shojaee-Moradie F, Baynes KC, Pentecost C, Bell JD, Thomas EL, Jackson NC, Stolinski M, Whyte M, Lovell D, Bowes SB, Gibney J, Jones RH, Umpleby AM (2007) Exercise training reduces fatty acid availability and improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism. Diabetologia 50(2):404–413
Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Willis LH, Shields AT, Tanner CJ, Piner LW, Hawk VH, Muehlbauer MJ, Samsa GP, Nelson RC, Huffman KM, Bales CW, Houmard JA, Kraus WE (2012) Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. Am J Physiol 301(5):E1033–E1039
Smith JE, Garbutt G, Lopes P, Tunstall Pedoe D (2004) Effects of prolonged strenuous exercise (marathon running) on biochemical and haematological markers used in the investigation of patients in the emergency department. Br J Sports Med 38(3):292–294
Socha P, Horvath A, Vajro P, Dziechciarz P, Dhawan A, Szajewska H (2009) Pharmacological interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48(5):587–596
Spassiani NA, Kuk JL (2008) Exercise and the fatty liver. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33(4):802–807
St George A, Bauman A, Johnston A, Farrell G, Chey T, George J (2009) Independent effects of physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol 50(1):68–76
Stanca CM, Bach N, Krause C, Tandon N, Freni MA, Gutierrez JA, Bodian C, Lopez J, Berk PD, Bodenheimer HC, Branch AD, Odin JA (2005) Evaluation of fatigue in US patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 100(5):1104–1109
Steenivasa Baba C, Alexander G, Kalyani B, Pandey R, Rastogi S, Pandey A, Choudhuri G (2006) Effect of exercise and dietary modification on serum aminotransferase levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(1 Pt 1):191–198
Straznicky NE, Lambert EA, Grima MT, Eikelis N, Nestel PJ, Dawood T, Schlaich MP, Masuo K, Chopra R, Sari CI, Dixon JB, Tilbrook AJ, Lambert GW (2012) The effects of dietary weight loss with or without exercise training on liver enzymes in obese metabolic syndrome subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab 14(2):139–148
Suh SH, Paik IY, Jacobs K (2007) Regulation of blood glucose homeostasis during prolonged exercise. Mol Cells 23(3):272–279
Sullivan S, Kirk E, Mittendorfer B, Patterson B, Klein S (2012) Randomized trial of exercise effect on intrahepatic triglyceride content and lipid kinetics in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol 55(6):1738–1745
Sumida KD, Donovan CM (1995) Enhanced hepatic gluconeogenic capacity for selected precursors after endurance training. J Appl Physiol 79(6):1883–1888
Sumida KD, Urdiales JH, Donovan CM (1993) Enhanced gluconeogenesis from lactate in perfused livers after endurance training. J Appl Physiol 74(2):782–787
Suzuki A, Lindor K, St Saver J, Lymp J, Mendes F, Muto A, Okada T, Angulo P (2005) Effect of changes on body weight and lifestyle in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 43(6):1060–1066
Suzuki K, Peake J, Nosaka K, Okutsu M, Abbiss CR, Surriano R, Bishop D, Quod MJ, Lee H, Martin DT, Laursen PB (2006) Changes in markers of muscle damage, inflammation and HSP70 after an Ironman triathlon race. Eur J Appl Physiol 98(6):525–534
Swartz RD, Sidell FR, Cucinell SA (1974) Effects of physical stress on the disposition of drugs eliminated by the liver in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 188(1):1–7
Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D, Browning JD, Reingold JS, Grundy S, Hobbs HH, Dobbins RL (2005) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol 288(2):E462–E468
Takahashi Y, Fukusato T (2010) Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: overview with emphasis on histology. World J Gastroeneterol 16(42):5280–5285
Takahashi I, Umeda T, Mashiko T, Chinda D, Oyama T, Sugawara K, Nkaii S (2007) Effects of rugby sevens matches on human neutrophil-related nonspecific immunity. Br J Sports Med 41(1):13–18
Takeshita H, Horiuchi M, Izumo K, Kawaguchi H, Arimura E, Aoyama K, Takeuchi T (2012) Long-term voluntary exercise, representing habitual exercise, lowers visceral fat and alters plasma amino acid levels in mice. Env Health Prev Med 17(4):275–284
Tamura Y, Tanaka Y, Sato F, Choi JB, Watada H, Niwa M, Kinoshita J, Ooka A, Kumashiro N, Igarashi Y, Kyogoku S, Maehara T, Kawasumi M, Hirose T, Kawamori R (2005) Effects of diet and exercise on muscle and liver intracellular lipid contents and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(6):3191–3196
Targher GB, Bellis A, Fornengo P, Ciaravella F, Pichiri I, Cavallo Perin P, Trimarco B, Marchesini G (2010) Prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 42(5):331–340
Tarter RE, Panzak G, Switala J, Lu S, Simkevitz HV, Thiel D (1997) Isokinetic muscle strength and its association with neuropsychological capacity in cirrhotic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21(2):191–196
Terao T, Fujise T, Uchiyama S, Yamashita Y, Nakano S (1989) Effects of swimming exercise at two different water temperature on hepatic lipid and lipoprotein levels in experimental fatty liver rats. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 14(2):139–145
Terjung RL, Baldwin KM, Winder WW, Holloszy JO (1971) Glycogen repletion in different types of muscle and in liver after exhausting exercise. Am J Physiol 226(6):1387–1391
Terziyski K, Andonov V, Marinov B, Kostianev S (2008) Exercise performance and ventilatory efficiency in patients with mild and moderate liver cirrhosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 35(2):135–140
Thamer C, Machann J, Stefan N, Haap M, Schäfer S, Brenner S, Kantartzis K, Claussen C, Schick F, Haring H, Fritsche A (2007) High visceral fat mass and high liver fat are associated with resistance to lifestyle intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(2):531–538
Thamer C, Jürgen M, Stefan N, Schäfer SA, Machicao F, Staiger H, Laakso M, Böttcher M, Claussen C, Schick F, Fritsche A, Haring H-U (2008) Variations in PPARD determine the change in body composition during lifestyle intervention: a whole body magnetic resonance study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(4):1497–1500
Theilade P, Hansen JM, Skovsted L, Kampmann JP (1979) Effect of exercise on thyroid parameters and on metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine in man. Acta Endocrinol 92(2):271–276
Thoma C, Day CP, Trenell MI (2012) Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: a systematic review. J Hepatol 56(1):255–266
Thomas EL, Brynes AE, Hamilton G, Patel N, Spong A, Goldin RD, Frost G, Bell JD, Taylor-Robinson SD (2006) Effect of nutritional counselling on hepatic, muscle and adipose tissue fat content and distribution in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gasteroeneterol 12(36):5813–5819
Thompson WR (2010) ACSM’s gudielines for exercise testing and prescription, 8th ed, Lipppincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Sady SP, Flynn MM, Chenevert CB, Herbert PN (1991) High-density-lipoprotein metabolism in endurance athletes and sedentary men. Circulation 84(1):140–152
Thompson PD, Crouse SF, Goodpaster B, Kelley D, Moyna N, Pescatello L (2001) The acute versus the chronic response to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(6 Suppl):S438–S445 (discussion S452–S453)
Thompson D, Markovitch D, Betts JA, Mazzatti D, Turner J, Tyrrell RM (2010) Time course of changes in inflammatory markers during a 6-mo exercise intervention in sedentary middle-aged men: a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol 108(4):769–779
Thyfault JP, Rector RS, Uptergrove GM, Borengasser SJ, Morris EM, Wei Y, Laye MJ, Burant CF, Qi NR, Ridenour SE, Koch LG, Britton SL, Ibdah JA (2009) Rats selectively bred for low aerobic capacity have reduced hepatic mitochondrial capacity and susceptibility to hepatic steatosis and injury. J Physiol 587(Pt 8):1805–1816
Tiikkainen M, Beergholm R, Hakkinen AM, Bergholm R, Vehkavaara S, Halavaara J, Teramo K, Rissanen A, Yki-Järvinen H (2002) Liver fat accumulation and insulin resistance in obese women with previous gestational diabetes. Obesity Res 10(9):859–867
Trimmer JK, Schwarz JM, Cadsazza GA, Horning MA, Rodriguez N, Brooks GA (2002) Measurements of gluconeogenesis in exercising men by mass isotopomer distribution analysis. J Appl Physiol 93(1):233–241
Tsekouras YE, Magkos F, Kellas Y, Basioukas KN, Kavouras SA, Sidossis LS (2008) High-intensity interval aerobic training reduces hepatic very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride secretion rate in men. Am J Physiol 295(4):E851–E858
Tsuruta G, Tanaka N, Hongo M, Komatsu M, Horiuchi A, Hamamoto K, Iguchi C, Nakayama Y, Umemura T, Ichijo T, Matsumoto A, Yoshizawa K, Aoyama T, Tanaka E (2010) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese junior high school students: its prevalence and relationship to lifestyle habits. J Gastroenterol 45(6):666–672
Turgut G, Demir S, Genc O, Karabulut I, Akalin N (2003) The effect of swimming exercise on lipid peroxidation in the rat brain, liver and heart. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 27(2–3):43–45
Turner JE, Hodges NJ, Bosch JA, Aldred S (2011) Prolonged depletion of antioxidant capacity after ultraendurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(9):1770–1776
Ueno T, Sugawara H, Sujaku K, Hashimoto O, Tsuji R, Tamaki S, Torimura T, Inuzuka S, Sata M, Tanikawa K (1997) Therapeutic effect of restricted diet and exercise in obese patients with fatty liver. J Hepatol 27(1 Pt 1):103–107
van der Heijden G, Toffolo G, Manesso E, Sauer PJ, Sunehag AL (2009) Aerobic exercise increases peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity in sedentary adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(11):4292–4299
van der Heijden GJ, Wang ZJ, Chu Z, Toffolo G, Manesso E, Sauer PJ, Sunehag AL (2010a) Strength exercise improves muscle mass and hepatic insulin sensitivity in obese youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(11):1973–1980
van der Heijden GJ, Wang ZJ, Chu ZD, Sauer PJ, Haymond MW, Rodriguez LM, Sunehag AL (2010b) A 12-week aerobic exercise program reduces hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance in obese, Hispanic adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18(2):384–390
van Dijk G, Balkan B, Lindfeldt J, Bouws G, Scheurink AJ, Ahren B, Steffens AB (1994) Contribution of liver nerves, glucagon and adrenaline to the glycemnic r esponse to exercise in rats. Acta Physiol Scand 150(3):305–313
van Griensven JM, Burggraaf KJ, Gerloff J, Gunzler WA, Beier H, Kroon R, Huisman LG, Schoemaker RC, Kluft K, Cohen AF (1995) Effects of changing liver blood flow by exercise and food on kinetics and dynamics of saruplase. Clin Pharmacol Ther 57(4):381–389
Van Rensburg JP, Kielblock AJ, van der Linde A (1986) Physiologic and biochemical changes during a triathlon competition. Int J Sports Med 7(1):30–35
van Wijck K, Lenaerts K, van Loon LJC, Peters WHM, Buurman WS, Dejong CHC (2011) Exercise-induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men. PLoS One 6(7):e22366
Venditti P, Di Meo S (1997) Effect of training on antioxidant capacity, tissue damage, and endurance of adult male rats. Int J Sports Med 18(7):497–502
Viitasalo A, Laaksonen DE, Lindi V, Eloranta AM, Jaaskelainen J, Tompuri T, Vaisanen S, Lakka HM, Lakka TA (2012) Clustering of metabolic risk factors is associated with high-normal levels of liver enzymes among 6- to 8-year-old children: the PANIC study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 10(5):337–343
Villa JG, Cuadrado G, Bayón JE, González-Gallego J (1998) The effect of physical conditioning on antipyrine clearance. Eur J Appl Physiol 77(1–2):106–111
Wade OL, Bishop JM (1962) Cardiac output and regional blood flow. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford
Wahren DG, Ekberg K (2007) Splanchnic regulation of glucose production. Annu Rev Nutr 27:329–345
Wahren J, Felig P, Ahlborg G, Jorfeldt L (1971) Glucose metabolism during leg exercise in man. J Clin Invest 50(12):2715–2725
Waskiewicz Z, Klapcinska B, Sadowska-Krepa E, Czuba M, Kempa K, Kimsa E, Gerasimuk D, Waskiewicz Z, Klapcinska B, Sadowska-Krepa E, Czuba M, Kempa K, Kimsa E, Gerasimuk D (2012) Acute metabolic responses to a 24-h ultra-marathon race in male amateur runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(5):1679–1688
Wasserman DH, Cherrington AD (1991) Hepatic fuel metabolism during muscular work: role and regulation. Am J Physiol 260(6 Pt 1):E811–E824
Wasserman DH, Spalding JA, Lacy DB, Colburn CA, Goldstein RE, Cherrington AD (1989) Glucagon is a primary controller of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during muscular work. Am J Physiol 257(1 Pt 1):E108–E117
Wasserman DH, Connolly CC, Pagliassotti MJ (1991) Regulation of hepatic lactate balance during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23(8):912–919
Wasserman DH, Lacy DB, Bracy DP (1993) Relationship between arterial and portal vein immunoreactive glucoagon during exercise. J Appl Physiol 75(2):724–729
Wasserman DH, O’Doherty RM, Zinker BA (1995) Role of the endocrine pancreas in control of fuel metabolism by the liver during exercise. Int J Obesity Relat Metab Disord 19(Suppl 4):S22–S30
Whitfield JB (2001) Gamma glutamyl transferase. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 38(4):263–355
Wieczorek-Baranowska A, Nowak A, Michalak E, Karolkiewicz J, Pospieszna B, Rutkowski R, Laurentowska M, Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak L (2011) Effect of aerobic exercise on insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 51(3):525–532
Wiesinger GF, Quittan M, Zimmermann K, Nuhr M, Wichlas M, Bodingbauer M, Asari R, Berlakovich G, Crevenna R, Fialka-Moser V, Peck-Radosavljevic M (2001) Physical performance and health-related quality of life in men on a liver transplantation waiting list. J Rehabil Med 33(6):260–265
Williams P, Wood P, Haskell W, Vranizan K, Ho P, Vodak P (1981) Effect of exercise intensity and duration on plasma-lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Circulation 64(4):185
Wilson PO, Johnson P (2000) Exercise modulates antioxidant enzyme gene expression in rat myocardium and liver. J Appl Physiol 88(5):1791–1796
Winnick JJ, Sherman WM, Habash DL, Stout MB, Failla ML, Belury MA, Schuster DP (2008) Short-term aerobic exercise training in obese humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus improves whole-body insulin sensitivity through gains in peripheral, not hepatic insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(3):771–778
Wolfe BM, Havel JR, Marliss EB, Kane JP, Seymour J, Ahuja SP (1976) Effects of a 3- day fast and of ethanol on splanchnic metabolism of ffa, amino-acids, and carbohydrates in healthy young men. J Clin Invest 57(2):329–340
Wolfe RR, Klein S, Carraro F, Weber JM (1990) Role of triglyceride fatty-acid cycle in controlling fat-metabolism in humans during and after exercise. Am J Physiol 258(2):E382–E389
Wong F, Girgrah N, Graba J, Allidina Y, Liu P, Blendis L (2001) The cardiac response to exercise in cirrhosis. Gut 49(2):268–275
Woodruff TK, Krummen L, Chen SA, Lyon R, Hansen SE, DeGuzman G, Covello R, Mather J, Cossum P (1993) Pharmacokinetic profile of recombinant human (rh) inhibin A and activin A in the immature rat. II. Tissue distribution of [125I]rh- inhibin A and [125I]rh-activin A in immaturefemale and male rats. Endocrinology 132(2):725–734
Wu HJ, Chen KT, Shee BW, Chang HC, Huang YJ, Yang RS (2004) Effects of 24 h ultra-marathon on biochemical and hematological parameters. World J Gastroenterol 10(18):2711–2714
Wu LJ, Wu MS, Lien GS, Chen FC, Tsai JC (2012) Fatigue and physical activity levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Nurs 21(1–2):129–138
Yang RC, Mack GW, Wolfe RR, Nadel ER (1998) Albumin synthesis after intense intermittent exercise in human subjects. J Appl Physiol 84(2):584–592
Yano L, Yano H, Taketa K (1996) Electromagnetic determination of portal venous flow in rats during exercise. Int Hepatol Comm 5(3):184–190
Yano H, Kinoshita S, Yano L (1997) Acute exercise induces mitocondria swelling of hepatocytes surrounding the terminal hepatic venule in rat liver acinus. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med 46(1):49–54
Yasari S, Paquette A, Charbonneau A, Gauthier MS, Savard R, Lavoie JM (2006) Effects of ingesting a high-fat diet upon exercise-training cessation on fat accretion in the liver and adipose tissue of rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 31(4):367–375
Yasari S, Wang D, Prud’homme D, Jankowski M, Gutkowska J, Lavoie JM (2009) Exercise training decreases plasma leptin levels and the expression of hepatic leptin receptor-a, -b, and, -e in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 324(1–2):13–20
Yasari S, Prud’homme D, Wang D, Jankowski M, Levy E, Gutkowska J, Lavoie J-M (2010) Exercise training decreases hepatic SCD-1 gene expression and protein content in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 335(1–2):291–299
Yiamouyiannis CA, Sanders RA, Watkins JB, Martin BJ (1992) Chronic physical activity: hepatic hypertrophy and increased total biotransformation enzyme activity. Biochem Pharmacol 44(1):121–127
Yiamouyiannis CA, Martin BJ, Walkins JB (1993) Chronic physical activity alters excretory function in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265(1):321–327
Yoneda MF, Fujita K, Iwasaki T, Maeyama S, Terauchi Y, Nakajima A (2006) Treatment of NASH: nutritional counseling and physical exercise. Nihon Rinsho 64(6):1139–1145
Zawalich W, Maturo S, Felig P (1982) Influence of physical training on insulin release and glucose utilization by islet cells. Am J Physiol 243(6):E464–E469
Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Goldsmith R, Webb M, Zvibel I, Goldiner I, Blendis L, Halpern Z, Oren R (2008) Role of leisure-time physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. Hepatol 48(6):1791–1798
Zelber-Sagi S, Ratziu V, Oren R (2011) Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol 17(29):3377–3389
Zucker DM (2004) An exercise intervention to prevent hepatitis related fatigue. Hepatol 40:511A
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Nigel A.S. Taylor.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shephard, R.J., Johnson, N. Effects of physical activity upon the liver. Eur J Appl Physiol 115, 1–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3031-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3031-6