Abstract
Many organ systems adapt in response to the removal of gravity, such as that occurring during spaceflight. Such adaptation occurs over varying time periods depending on the organ system being considered, but the effect is that upon a return to the normal 1 G environment, the organ system is ill-adapted to that environment. As a consequence, either countermeasures to the adaptive process in flight, or rehabilitation upon return to 1 G is required. To determine whether the lung changed in response to a long period without gravity, we studied numerous aspects of lung function on ten subjects (one female) before and after they were exposed to 4–6 months of microgravity (μG, weightlessness) in the normobaric normoxic environment of the International Space Station. With the exception of small (and likely physiologically inconsequential) changes in expiratory reserve volume, one index of peripheral gas mixing in the periphery of the lung, and a possible slight reduction in DLCO in the early postflight period despite an unchanged cardiac output, lung function was unaltered by 4–6 months in μG. These results suggest that unlike many other organ systems in the human body, lung function returns to normal after long term exposure to the removal of gravity. We conclude that that in a normoxic, normobaric environment, lung function is not a concern following long-duration future spaceflight exploration missions of up to 6 months.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baranov VM, Tikhonov NA, Kotov AN (1992) The external respiration and gas exchanges in space missions. Acta Astronaut 27:45–50
Bates JHT, Prisk GK, McKinnon AE (1983) Correcting for the dynamic response of a respiratory mass spectrometer. J Appl Physiol 55:1015–1022
Buckey JC Jr, Lane LD, Levine BD, Watenpaugh DE, Wright SJ, Moore WE, Gaffney FA, Blomqvist CG (1996) Orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 81:7–18
Dutrieue B, Lauzon A-M, Verbanck S, Elliott AR, West JB, Paiva M, Prisk GK (1999) Helium and sulfur hexafluoride bolus washin in short-term microgravity. J Appl Physiol 86:1594–1602
Dutrieue B, Paiva M, Verbanck S, LeGouic M, Darquenne C, Prisk GK (2003) Tidal volume single breath washin of SF6 and CH4 in transient microgravity. J Appl Physiol 94:75–82
Estenne M, Van Muylem A, Knoop C, Antoine M, The Brussels Lung Transplant Group (2000) Detection of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation by indexes of ventilation distribution. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 162:1047–1051
Fitts RH, Riley DR, Widrick JJ (2000) Invited review: microgravity and skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 89:823–839
Guy HJB, Prisk GK, Elliott AR, Deutschman RAI, West JB (1994) Inhomogeneity of pulmonary ventilation during sustained microgravity as determined by single-breath washouts. J Appl Physiol 76:1719–1729
Lauzon A.-M, Prisk GK, Elliott AR, Verbanck S, Paiva M, West JB (1997) Paradoxical helium and sulfur hexafluoride single-breath washouts in short-term vs sustained microgravity. J Appl Physiol 82:859–865
Leach CS, Alfrey CP, Suki WN, Leonard JI, Rambaut PC, Inners LD, Smith SM, Lane HW, Krauhs JM (1996) Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 81:105–116
LeBlanc AD, Spector ER, Evans HJ, Sibonga JD (2007) Skeletal responses to space flight and the bed rest analog: a review. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 7:33–47
Lewis SM, Evans JW, Jalowayski AA (1978) Continuous distributions of specific ventilation recovered from inert gas washout. J Appl Physiol 44:416–423
Montmerle S, Spaak J, Linnarsson D (2002) Lung function during and after prolonged head-down bed rest. J Appl Physiol 92:75–83
Narici M, Kayser B, Barattini P, Cerretelli P (2003) Effects of 17-day spacelight on electrically evoked torque and cross-sectional area of the human triceps surae. Eur J Appl Physiol 90:275–282
Olfert IM, Prisk GK (2004) Effect of 60 degrees head-down tilt on peripheral gas mixing in the human lung. J Appl Physiol 97:827–834
Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Blomqvist CG, Zerwekh JE, Peshock RM, Weatherall PT, Levine BD (2001) Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. J Appl Physiol 91:645–653
Prisk GK (2000) Invited review: microgravity and the lung. J Appl Physiol 89:000
Prisk GK, Elliott AR, Guy HJB, Verbanck S, Paiva M, West JB (1998) Multiple-breath washin of helium and sulfur hexafluoride in sustained microgravity. J Appl Physiol 84:244–252
Prisk GK, Fine JM, Cooper TK, West JB (2005) Pulmonary gas exchange is not impaired 24-hours following extra-vehicular activity. J Appl Physiol 99:2233–2238
Prisk GK, Fine JM, Cooper TK, West JB (2006) Vital capacity, respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary gas exchange during long-duration exposure to microgravity. J Appl Physiol 101:439–447
Prisk GK, Fine JM, Elliott AR, West JB (2002) Effect of 6º head-down tilt on cardiopulmonary function: comparison with microgravity. Aviat Space Environ Med 73:8–16
Prisk GK, Guy HJB, Elliott AR, Deutschman RAI, West JB (1993) Pulmonary diffusing capacity, capillary blood volume and cardiac output during sustained microgravity. J Appl Physiol 75:15–26
Prisk GK, Guy HJB, Elliott AR, Paiva M, West JB (1995) Ventilatory inhomogeneity determined from multiple-breath washouts during sustained microgravity on Spacelab SLS-1. J Appl Physiol 78:597–607
Prisk GK, Lauzon A.-M, Verbanck S, Elliott AR, Guy HJB, Paiva M, West JB (1996) Anomalous behavior of helium and sulfur hexafluoride during single-breath tests in sustained microgravity. J Appl Physiol 80:1126–1132
Sackner MA., Greeneltch D, Heiman MS, Epstein S, Atkins N (1975) Diffusion capactiy, membrane diffusing capacity, capillary blood volume, pulmonary tissue volume and cardiac output measured by a rebreathing technique. Am Rev Resp Dis 111:157–165
Sackner MA, Markwell G, Atkins N, Birch SJ, Fernandez RJ (1980) Rebreathing techniques for pulmonary capillary blood flow and tissue volume. J Appl Physiol 49:910–915
Sawin CF, Nicogossian AE, Rummel JA, Michel EL (1976) Pulmonary function evaluation during the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Missions. Aviat Space Environ Med 47:168–172
Van Muylem A, Antoine M, Yernault J.-C, Paiva M, Estenne M (1995) Inert gas single-breath washout after heart-lung transplantation. Am J Crit Care Med 152:947–952
Venturoli D, Semino P, Negrini D, Miserocchi G (1998) Respiratory mechanics after 180 days space mission (EuroMir ‘95). Acta Astronaut 42:185–204
Yeh MP, Gardner RM, Adams TD, Yanowitz FG (1982) Computerized determination of pneumotachometer characteristics using a calibrated syringe. J Appl Physiol 53:280–285
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and efforts of the ISS crew on increments 3, 4, 5, and 6 and the numerous NASA personnel and NASA contractors supporting those increments. In particular, we thank Suzanne McCollum, Gwenn Sandoz and Charlie Williamson for operational support, and John Ludlow for extensive data analysis work. This study was supported by NASA contract NAS9-98124 and NASA cooperative agreement NCC9-168.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prisk, G.K., Fine, J.M., Cooper, T.K. et al. Lung function is unchanged in the 1 G environment following 6-months exposure to microgravity. Eur J Appl Physiol 103, 617–623 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0754-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0754-2