Abstract
Purpose
The purposes of this study are to investigate the prevalence of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Korean subway drivers, and find the association between these disorders and the drivers’ person-under-train (PUT) experiences.
Methods
A total of 826 subway drivers who participated in a cross-sectional work and health survey were included for this study. The Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1 was applied to assess major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and PTSD. The date of PUT, whether victim died, and how many PUTs the drivers experienced were asked using a structured questionnaire.
Results
The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) for lifetime prevalence of panic disorder and PTSD in subway drivers were 13.3 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 6.6–22.4) and 2.1 (95 % CI 1.1–3.4), respectively. In lifetime prevalence, after adjusting for age, education, income, and working career, the drivers who experienced PUT had significantly higher risks for panic disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 4.2, 95 % CI 1.2–16.6) and PTSD (OR = 4.4, 95 % CI 1.3–16.4). In 1-year prevalence, the drivers who experienced PUT had a significantly higher risk for PTSD (OR = 11.7, 95 % CI 1.9–225.8). There was no significant value of SPR and OR in major depressive disorder.
Conclusions
This study suggests that Korean subway drivers are at higher risk for panic disorder and PTSD compared to the general population, and PUT experience is associated with panic disorder and PTSD. Drivers who have experienced PUT should be treated quickly, sympathetically, and sensitively by a psychological professional and their colleagues, so they can return to work soon.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams RE, Boscarino JA (2011) Perievent panic attack and depression after the World Trade Center disaster: a structural equation model analysis. Int J Emerg Ment Health 13:69–79
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington (DC)
Chang SM, Hahm BJ, Lee JY, Shin MS, Jeon HJ, Hong JP, Lee HB, Lee DW, Cho MJ (2008) Cross-national difference in the prevalence of depression caused by the diagnostic threshold. J Affect Disord 106:159–167
Cho MJ, Hahm BJ, Suh DW, Hong JP, Bae JN, Kim JK, Lee DW, Cho SJ (2002) Development of a Korean version of the composite international diagnostic interview (K-CIDI). J Korean Neuropsychiat Assoc 41:123–137
Cho MJ, Chang SM, Lee YM, Ahn B, Ahn JH, Son J, Hong JP, Bae JN, Lee DW, Cho SJ, Park JI, Lee JY KIMJY, Jeon HJ, Sohn JH, Kim BS (2010) Prevalence of DSM-IV major mental disorders among Korean adults: A 2006 National Epidemiologic Survey (KECA-R). Asian J Psychiatry 3:26–30
Cothereau C, de Beaurepaire C, Payan C, Cambou JP, Rouillon F, Conso F (2004) Professional and medical outcomes for French train drivers after person under train accidents: three year follow up study. Occup Environ Med 61:488–494
Farmer R, Tranah T, O’Donnell I, Catalan J (1992) Railway suicide: the psychological effects on drivers. Psychol Med 22:407–414
Karlehagen S, Malt UF, Hoff H, Tibell E, Herrstromer U, Hildingson K, Leymann H (1993) The effect of major railway accidents on the psychological health of train drivers- II. A longitudinal study of the one-year outcome after the accident. J Psychosom Res 37:807–817
Limosin F, Loze JY, Cothereau C, De Beaurepaire C, Payan C, Conso F, Hautecouverture S, Rouillon F (2006) A prospective study of the psychological effects of “person under train” incidents on drivers. J Psychiatr Res 40:755–761
Malt UF, Karlehagen S, Hoff H, Herrstromer U, Hildingson K, Tibell E, Leymann H (1993) The effect of major railway accidents on the psychological health of train drivers- I. Acute psychological responses to accident. J Psychosom Res 37:793–805
Norris FH, Friedman MJ, Watson PJ, Byrne CM, Diaz E, Kaniasty K (2002) 60,000 disaster victims speak: part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry 65:207–239
Rubonis AV, Bickman L (1991) Psychological impairment in the wake of disaster: the disaster–psychopathology relationship. Psychol Bull 109:384–399
Tang D (1994) Psychotherapy for train drivers after railway suicide. Soc Sci Med 38:477–478
Theorell T, Leymann H, Jodko M, Konarski K, Norbeck HE (1994) ‘Person under train’ incidents from the subway driver’s point of view-a prospective 1-year follow-up study: the design, and medical and psychiatric data. Soc Sci Med 38:471–475
Tranah T, Farmer RD (1994) Psychological reactions of drivers to railway suicide. Soc Sci Med 38:459–469
Weiss KJ, Farrell JM (2006) PTSD in railroad drivers under the Federal employers’ liability act. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 34:191–199
Weiss DS, Marmar CR (1997) The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson JP (ed) Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press, New York, pp 399–411
Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Faravelli C, Greenwald S, Hwu HG, Joyce PR, Karam EG, Lee CK, Lellouch J, Lépine JP, Newman SC, Rubio-Stipec M, Wells JE, Wickramaratne PJ, Wittchen H, Yeh EK (1996) Cross national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 276:293–299
World Health Organization (1990) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Version 1.0. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (1997a) Procedures for the development of new language versions of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI). World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (1997b) CIDI, core version 2.1 interview’s manual. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (1997c) CIDI, core version 2.1 trainer’s manual. World Health Organization, Geneva
Yum BS, Roh JH, Ryu JC, Won JU, Kim CN, Lee JE, Kim KY (2006) Symptoms of PTSD according to individual and work environment characteristics of Korean railroad drivers with experience of person-under-train accidents. J Psychosom Res 61:691–697
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (A102065), and Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, HR., Yim, H.W., Jo, SJ. et al. Major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder in Korean subway drivers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 86, 471–477 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-012-0779-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-012-0779-z